Turner T B, Mezey E, Kimball A W
Johns Hopkins Med J. 1977 Nov;141(5):235-48.
The effects of chronic alcohol ingestion are quantitatively related to intake, but little information is available on the topic. In part A of this review, intake-effect relationships are examined for chronic dysfunctions of the liver, pancreas, cardiovascular system, testis and fetus. Part B considers central nervous system effects such as the withdrawal syndrome, psychosis, brain damage, memory loss, alterations of attention, sleep disturbances and EEG changes. Alcohol and the elderly, evidence of favorable effects of alcohol and the question of alcoholism are also discussed. In the vast majority of studies the documented daily intake levels have been over 150 g of ethanol (the equivalent of one pint of 80-proof spirits), often in the range of 250-300 g. Other potential risk factors such as malnutrition are rarely considered, and little information is available on the effects of more moderate daily intake. The liver emerges as the most vulnerable organ to regular alcohol use with the hazardous range beginning at a daily intake of 80-100 g of ethanol. There is some evidence beneficial effects, especially in the elderly, of daily intakes of 15-30 g and epidemiological evidence of a lower incidence of myocardial infarction in those with a daily intake approximating 56 g. More information is needed on chronic intake-effect relationship, particulary at levels below 150 g.
长期饮酒的影响在数量上与饮酒量相关，但关于这一主题的信息却很少。在本综述的A部分，我们研究了肝脏、胰腺、心血管系统、睾丸和胎儿的慢性功能障碍与饮酒量之间的关系。B部分则探讨了中枢神经系统的影响，如戒断综合征、精神病、脑损伤、记忆丧失、注意力改变、睡眠障碍和脑电图变化。还讨论了酒精与老年人、酒精有益作用的证据以及酗酒问题。在绝大多数研究中，记录的每日饮酒量超过150克乙醇（相当于一品脱80度的烈酒），通常在250 - 300克的范围内。很少考虑其他潜在风险因素，如营养不良，而且关于适度每日饮酒量的影响的信息也很少。肝脏是最易受经常饮酒影响的器官，危险范围从每日摄入80 - 100克乙醇开始。有证据表明，每日摄入15 - 30克酒精有有益作用，特别是对老年人，而且有流行病学证据表明，每日摄入量约为56克的人群中心肌梗死的发病率较低。需要更多关于长期饮酒量与影响关系的信息，特别是低于150克的饮酒量的情况。
