Azad A F, Radulovic S, Higgins J A, Noden B H, Troyer J M
Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Emerg Infect Dis. 1997 Jul-Sep;3(3):319-27. doi: 10.3201/eid0303.970308.
Ecologic and economic factors, as well as changes in human behavior, have resulted in the emergence of new and the reemergence of existing but forgotten infectious diseases during the past 20 years. Flea-borne disease organisms (e.g., Yersinia pestis, Rickettsia typhi, R. felis, and Bartonella henselae) are widely distributed throughout the world in endemic-disease foci, where components of the enzootic cycle are present. However, flea-borne diseases could reemerge in epidemic form because of changes in vector-host ecology due to environmental and human behavior modification. The changing ecology of murine typhus in southern California and Texas over the past 30 years is a good example of urban and suburban expansion affecting infectious disease outbreaks. In these areas, the classic rat-flea-rat cycle of R. typhi has been replaced by a peridomestic animal cycle involving, e.g., free-ranging cats, dogs, and opossums and their fleas. In addition to the vector-host components of the murine typhus cycle, we have uncovered a second typhuslike rickettsia, R. felis. This agent was identified from the blood of a hospitalized febrile patient and from opossums and their fleas. We reviewed the ecology of R. typhi and R. felis and present recent data relevant to the vector biology, immunology, and molecular characterization and phylogeny of flea-borne rickettsioses.
在过去20年里，生态和经济因素以及人类行为的变化导致了新的传染病出现，以及一些已存在但被遗忘的传染病再次出现。跳蚤传播的病原体（如鼠疫耶尔森菌、伤寒立克次体、猫立克次体和汉氏巴尔通体）在世界范围内的地方病疫源地广泛分布，这些疫源地存在着动物流行病循环的组成部分。然而，由于环境和人类行为改变导致媒介-宿主生态变化，跳蚤传播的疾病可能会以流行形式再次出现。过去30年南加州和德克萨斯州鼠型斑疹伤寒生态的变化就是城市和郊区扩张影响传染病爆发的一个很好的例子。在这些地区，伤寒立克次体经典的鼠-蚤-鼠循环已被涉及自由放养的猫、狗、负鼠及其跳蚤的家养动物循环所取代。除了鼠型斑疹伤寒循环的媒介-宿主组成部分外，我们还发现了第二种类似斑疹伤寒的立克次体——猫立克次体。这种病原体是从一名住院发热患者的血液以及负鼠及其跳蚤中鉴定出来的。我们回顾了伤寒立克次体和猫立克次体的生态学，并展示了与跳蚤传播立克次体病的媒介生物学、免疫学、分子特征和系统发育相关的最新数据。
