Raine A, Brennan P, Mednick S A
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-1061, USA.
Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;154(9):1265-71. doi: 10.1176/ajp.154.9.1265.
The authors previously reported that birth complications interact with early maternal rejection in predisposing individuals to violence at age 18 years. This study extended the follow-up period for violent offending from 18 years to 34 years, thus increasing the sample of violent offenders threefold and allowing more detailed analyses on onset and type of violence, the form of maternal rejection, and the effect of maternal mental illness.
Complications in the births of 4,269 males in Denmark, maternal rejection of these individuals before the age of 1 year, and their histories of criminal offenses at age 34 years were assessed.
The biosocial interaction previously observed held for violent but not nonviolent crime, was specific to more serious forms of violence and not threats of violence, held for early-onset but not late-onset violence, and was not accounted for by psychiatric illness in the mothers. Being reared in a public care institution in the first year of life and the mother's attempt to abort the fetus were the key aspects of maternal rejection that interacted with birth complications in predisposing a subject to violence.
These findings 1) indicate that the mechanisms underlying early-onset, serious violence differ from those for less serious, late-onset violence, 2) implicate very early factors in the development of violence, 3) highlight the potential importance of integrating psychosocial with biological factors in understanding and preventing violence, and 4) suggest that interventions to reduce birth complications and maternal rejection may help reduce violence.
作者之前报告称，出生并发症与母亲早期的排斥反应相互作用，使个体在18岁时易发生暴力行为。本研究将暴力犯罪的随访期从18岁延长至34岁，从而使暴力犯罪样本增加了两倍，并能对暴力行为的发生和类型、母亲排斥的形式以及母亲精神疾病的影响进行更详细的分析。
评估了丹麦4269名男性的出生并发症、这些个体在1岁前母亲的排斥情况以及他们34岁时的犯罪史。
之前观察到的生物社会相互作用适用于暴力犯罪而非非暴力犯罪，特定于更严重的暴力形式而非暴力威胁，适用于早发性暴力而非晚发性暴力，且不能由母亲的精神疾病来解释。出生后第一年在公共护理机构抚养以及母亲试图堕胎是母亲排斥的关键方面，它们与出生并发症相互作用，使个体易发生暴力行为。
这些发现1）表明早发性、严重暴力行为的潜在机制与不太严重、晚发性暴力行为的机制不同，2）表明暴力行为发展中存在非常早期的因素，3）强调在理解和预防暴力行为中将心理社会因素与生物因素相结合的潜在重要性，4）表明减少出生并发症和母亲排斥的干预措施可能有助于减少暴力行为。
