Cipani E, Spooner F
California School of Professional Psychology, USA.
Res Dev Disabil. 1997 Sep-Oct;18(5):329-42. doi: 10.1016/s0891-4222(97)00014-0.
The examination of controlling contingencies in an analysis of problem behavior has been an important clinical topic of discussion in the field of developmental disabilities for many years. We know that problem behavior may be maintained by positive reinforcement or by negative reinforcement. From a clinical perspective, we seem to know more about behavioral techniques that are used when the problem behavior is maintained by positive reinforcement that we understand about those techniques that may be applied when a problem behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement. In this paper, we identify four treatment techniques that may be applied when problem; behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement: (a) functional communication training; (b) behavioral momentum; (c) differential reinforcement or an alternative escape behavior; and (d) errorless learning. Each of the four techniques will be defined, applications and guidelines for use delineated.
多年来，在发展性残疾领域，对问题行为分析中的控制偶发事件进行研究一直是一个重要的临床讨论话题。我们知道，问题行为可能通过正强化或负强化得以维持。从临床角度来看，对于由正强化维持的问题行为所采用的行为技术，我们似乎了解得更多，而对于由负强化维持的问题行为可能应用的那些技术，我们的了解则相对较少。在本文中，我们确定了四种在问题行为由负强化维持时可应用的治疗技术：（a）功能性沟通训练；（b）行为动量；（c）差别强化或替代性逃避行为；以及（d）无错误学习。将对这四种技术中的每一种进行定义，并阐述其应用和使用指南。
