Holliger C, Gaspard S, Glod G, Heijman C, Schumacher W, Schwarzenbach R P, Vazquez F
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Limnological Research Center, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1997 Jul;20(3-4):517-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00334.x.
Due to leakages, spills, improper disposal and accidents during transport, organic compounds have become subsurface contaminants that threaten important drinking water resources. One strategy to remediate such polluted subsurface environments is to make use of the degradative capacity of bacteria. It is often sufficient to supply the subsurface with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and aerobic treatments are still dominating. However, anaerobic processes have advantages such as low biomass production and good electron acceptor availability, and they are sometimes the only possible solution. This review will focus on three important groups of environmental organic contaminants: hydrocarbons, chlorinated and nitroaromatic compounds. Whereas hydrocarbons are oxidized and completely mineralized under anaerobic conditions in the presence of electron acceptors such as nitrate, iron, sulfate and carbon dioxide, chlorinated and nitroaromatic compounds are reductively transformed. For the aerobic often persistent polychlorinated compounds, reductive dechlorination leads to harmless products or to compounds that are aerobically degradable. The nitroaromatic compounds are first reductively transformed to the corresponding amines and can subsequently be bound to the humic fraction in an aerobic process. Such new findings and developments give hope that in the near future contaminated aquifers can efficiently be remediated, a prerequisite for a sustainable use of the precious-subsurface drinking water resources.
由于运输过程中的泄漏、溢出、处置不当及事故，有机化合物已成为威胁重要饮用水资源的地下污染物。修复此类受污染地下环境的一种策略是利用细菌的降解能力。通常向地下提供氮和磷等养分就足够了，且好氧处理仍占主导地位。然而，厌氧过程具有低生物量产生和好的电子受体可用性等优点，有时是唯一可行的解决方案。本综述将聚焦于三类重要的环境有机污染物：碳氢化合物、氯化和硝基芳香族化合物。在诸如硝酸盐、铁、硫酸盐和二氧化碳等电子受体存在的情况下，碳氢化合物在厌氧条件下会被氧化并完全矿化，而氯化和硝基芳香族化合物则会发生还原转化。对于需氧条件下通常具有持久性的多氯化合物而言，还原脱氯会产生无害产物或可进行需氧降解的化合物。硝基芳香族化合物首先会被还原转化为相应的胺，随后在需氧过程中可与腐殖质部分结合。这些新发现和进展让人看到希望，即在不久的将来受污染的含水层能够得到有效修复，这是可持续利用珍贵的地下饮用水资源的一个前提条件。
