Carretero J M, Arsuaga J L, Lorenzo C
Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3160, USA.
J Hum Evol. 1997 Aug-Sep;33(2-3):357-408. doi: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0128.
The scapulae, clavicles and humeri recovered from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) site between 1976 and 1994 are studied. All elements are briefly described anatomically with metrics and compared with other fossil hominids in order to establish the morphological pattern of the SH hominids. A minimum of 13 individuals are represented by the humeri in the SH sample. Almost all of them can be classified as adolescents and young adults. The morphology of the SH hominid shoulder girdle and humeri indicates that much of the shoulder morphology recognized in the later true Neandertal was present in Europe long before they appeared. Thus, this morphological pattern is not exclusive to Neandertals alone. The SH clavicles, scapulae and humeri share with the Neandertals many traits usually considered to be Neandertal specializations. The comparative analysis of the SH evidence suggests that most of the SH and Neandertal shared traits are either primitive features within the genus Homo or even for all hominids, or display high variability within different hominid samples. These traits must be used with caution, or not used at all, in phylogenetic analysis. There are, however, traits that to date have only been detected in the SH hominids and the Neanderials, which could be exclusive to the European phyletic lineage (clade) of Homo.
对1976年至1994年间从骨坑（SH）遗址出土的肩胛骨、锁骨和肱骨进行了研究。所有骨骼元素都通过测量指标进行了简要的解剖学描述，并与其他化石原始人类进行了比较，以确定骨坑原始人类的形态模式。骨坑样本中的肱骨至少代表了13个个体。几乎所有个体都可归类为青少年和年轻成年人。骨坑原始人类的肩带和肱骨形态表明，后来真正的尼安德特人中所识别出的许多肩部形态，早在他们出现之前就已在欧洲存在。因此，这种形态模式并非尼安德特人所独有。骨坑的锁骨、肩胛骨和肱骨与尼安德特人有许多通常被认为是尼安德特人特有的特征。对骨坑证据的比较分析表明，骨坑与尼安德特人共有的大多数特征要么是智人属内的原始特征，甚至是所有原始人类的原始特征，要么在不同原始人类样本中表现出高度变异性。在系统发育分析中，必须谨慎使用这些特征，或者根本不使用。然而，有些特征迄今为止仅在骨坑原始人类和尼安德特人中被发现，这些特征可能是欧洲智人谱系（进化枝）所独有的。
