Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC), Burgos, Spain.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2024 Jul;307(7):2519-2549. doi: 10.1002/ar.25194. Epub 2023 Mar 14.
Some of the Sima de los Huesos (SH) humeri have been previously studied and described elsewhere. Here we present an updated inventory and a review of the specimens recovered to the present day. The morphological key traits of the adult and subadult specimens are described, discussed, and illustrated. The SH humeri share with Neandertals many traits usually considered to be Neandertal specializations, thus, most of this morphological pattern is not exclusive to them. The variation found within fossil samples stresses the frequential nature of all these traits and in the specific case of the SH humeri, most of the traits considered as phylogenetically relevant are retained by their descendants, the Neandertals. Some traits are plesiomorphic for the entire genus Homo or are present in European hominins since the early Pleistocene. Finally, some other traits display high variability within the SH sample or different hominin samples and are of uncertain phylogenetic value. Altogether, this evidence is consistent with the hypothesis based on the overall cranial and postcranial morphology that the SH hominins are a sister group to the later Neandertals.
有些西蒙德洛霍雷斯（SH）肱骨之前已经有过研究和描述。在这里，我们展示了一个更新的清单，并对至今为止回收的标本进行了回顾。我们描述、讨论并图示了成年和未成年标本的形态关键特征。SH 肱骨与尼安德特人有许多特征，这些特征通常被认为是尼安德特人的特化，因此，这些形态模式大多不是尼安德特人的特有模式。在化石样本中发现的变异强调了所有这些特征的频繁性，就 SH 肱骨而言，被认为与系统发育相关的大多数特征都被它们的后代——尼安德特人保留了下来。有些特征是整个 Homo 属的原始特征，或者自更新世早期以来就在欧洲古人类中存在。最后，还有一些其他特征在 SH 样本或不同古人类样本中表现出高度的变异性，其系统发育价值不确定。总的来说，这些证据与基于整体颅骨和后颅骨形态的假设是一致的，即 SH 古人类是后来的尼安德特人的姐妹群。
