Locomotion in the abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana: pedal morphology and cost of transport.

Morphological analyses of pedal sole area and pedal waves were conducted for a range of speeds and body sizes in the abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana. The pedal sole of resting abalone increased in size disproportionately with animal volume (slope of log10-transformed data, b=0.83; expected slope for isometry, b0=0.67) and length (b=2.51; b0=2.0). Pedal wave frequency increased linearly with speed, confirming that abalone increase speed by increasing the velocity of pedal waves. Total area of the pedal sole decreased by 2.1 % for each shell length per minute increase in speed. Likewise, the area of the foot incorporated into pedal waves increased by 1.8 % for each shell length per minute increase in speed. Together, these changes translated into a 50 % decrease in the pedal sole area in contact with the substratum at a maximum escape speed of 15 shell lengths min-1, relative to the pedal sole at rest. The amount of mucus secreted by resting animals during adhesion to the substratum increased isometrically with foot area (slope of log10-transformed data, b=1.08). The amount of mucus secreted during locomotion did not vary with speed, but was less than the amount needed for adhesion. We suggest that these morphological and physiological changes reduce the energy expenditure during locomotion. Cost of transport was investigated for a range of speeds and abalone sizes. The rate of oxygen consumption O2 (in µl O2 g-1 h-1) increased linearly with increasing absolute speed v (in cm min-1): O2=40.1+0.58v-0.15m (r2=0.35, P=0.04), where m is body mass (in g). Minimum cost of transport, calculated from the slope of absolute speed on O2, was 20.3 J kg-1 m-1. Total cost of transport (COTT) and net cost of transport (COTN) were high at low speeds and decreased as speed increased, to minima of 86.0 J kg-1 m-1 and 29.7 J kg-1 m-1, respectively, at speeds measured in the respirometer. Log10-transformation of both cost of transport and speed data yielded linear relationships with the following regression equations: log10COTT=3.35-0.90log10v-0.21log10m (r2=0.89; P<0.006) and log10COTN=2.29-0.69log10v-0.09log10m (r2=0.48; P<0.006), respectively.