Todes D P
Department of the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Isis. 1997 Jun;88(2):204-46. doi: 10.1086/383690.
The author examines the forces and relations of production in Pavlov's laboratory at the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine during the first phase of its operation (1891-1904). As in any production site, the forces of production included its physical plant and technologies, its workforce (with its skills), and management's ideas about what constituted good products and how best to produce them. In Pavlov's laboratory, these included a physical plant adapted for physiological surgery and "chronic experiments," dog-technologies and experimental practices created in accordance with Pavlov's Bernardian vision of physiology, and a workforce dominated by physicians untrained in physiology who were seeking quick doctoral degrees. The relations of production featured an authoritarian structure and cooperative ethos that allowed Pavlov to use coworkers as extensions of his sensory reach, while enabling him constantly to monitor the work process, to control the "interpretive moments" in experiments, to incorporate results into his developing ideas, and to convert them efficiently into marketable products.
作者考察了位于皇家实验医学研究所的巴甫洛夫实验室在其运营第一阶段（1891 - 1904年）的生产力与生产关系。如同在任何生产场所一样，生产力包括其实验设施与技术、劳动力（及其技能），以及管理层对于何为优质产品以及如何以最佳方式生产这些产品的理念。在巴甫洛夫的实验室里，这些包括适合生理手术和“慢性实验”的实验设施、按照巴甫洛夫的伯纳德式生理学愿景所创造的犬类技术和实验实践，以及以寻求快速获得博士学位但未接受过生理学训练的医生为主的劳动力。生产关系具有一种专制结构和合作精神，这使得巴甫洛夫能够将同事作为其感官延伸的一部分来使用，同时使他能够持续监控工作流程、控制实验中的“解释性环节”、将结果融入其不断发展的理念中，并有效地将其转化为可销售的产品。
