Jaffe K, Issa S, Daniels E, Haile D
Departamento de Biologia de Organismos, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Apartado 89000, Caracas, Venezuela, 080A.
J Theor Biol. 1997 Oct 7;188(3):289-99. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1997.0472.
A stochastic, agent based, evolutionary algorithm, modeling mating, reproduction, genetic variation, phenotypic expression and selection was used to study the dynamic interactions affecting a multiple-gene system. The results suggest that strong irreversible constraints affect the evolution of resistance to biocides. Resistant genes evolve differently in asexual organisms compared with sexual ones in response to various patterns of biocide applications. Asexual populations (viruses and bacteria) are less likely to develop genetic resistance in response to multiple pesticides or if pesticides are used at low doses, whereas sexual populations (insects for example) are more likely to become resistant to pesticides if susceptibility to the pesticide relates to mate selection. The adaptation of genes not related to the emergence of resistance will affect the dynamics of the evolution of resistance. Increasing the number of pesticides reduces the probability of developing resistance to any of them in asexual organisms but much less so in sexual organisms. Sequential applications of toxins, were slightly less efficient in slowing emergence of resistance compared with simultaneous application of a mix in both sexual and asexual organisms. Targeting only one sex of the pest speeds the development of resistance. The findings are consistent to most of the published analytical models but are closer to known experimental results, showing that nonlinear, agent based simulation models are more powerful in explaining complex processes.
一种基于主体的随机进化算法，对交配、繁殖、基因变异、表型表达和选择进行建模，用于研究影响多基因系统的动态相互作用。结果表明，强大的不可逆约束会影响对杀菌剂抗性的进化。与有性生物相比，无性生物中的抗性基因在应对各种杀菌剂应用模式时的进化方式不同。无性种群（病毒和细菌）在面对多种农药时或在低剂量使用农药的情况下，产生遗传抗性的可能性较小，而有性种群（例如昆虫）如果对农药的易感性与配偶选择有关，则更有可能对农药产生抗性。与抗性出现无关的基因的适应性会影响抗性进化的动态过程。增加农药的种类会降低无性生物对其中任何一种产生抗性的概率，但对有性生物的影响要小得多。与在有性和无性生物中同时混合施用毒素相比，顺序施用毒素在减缓抗性出现方面的效率略低。仅针对害虫的一种性别会加速抗性的发展。这些发现与大多数已发表的分析模型一致，但更接近已知的实验结果，表明基于主体的非线性模拟模型在解释复杂过程方面更强大。
