Milligan R A, Burke V, Beilin L J, Richards J, Dunbar D, Spencer M, Balde E, Gracey M P
West Australian Heart Research Institute, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia.
Soc Sci Med. 1997 Nov;45(10):1549-62. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00092-0.
Psychosocial variables associated with health-related behaviours for diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking were examined in 18 year-old Australian men (n = 301) and women (n = 282). These psychosocial variables included Type A behaviour and depression, perceived self-efficacy for engaging in healthy behaviours and perceived barriers to performing these behaviours. Self-efficacy for following a healthy diet and moderating alcohol intake was greater in females but males had higher self-efficacy for physical activity. Self-efficacy for smoking did not differ according to gender. Lack of willpower was perceived as a barrier to desirable dietary, smoking and physical activity behaviours. Other perceived diet-related barriers included buying suitable foods when eating out, ignorance about appropriate foods and, in young women, perceived expense. Barriers for desirable levels of physical activity included planning time, tiredness, limiting social life and lack of social support. Social occasions were the main perceived barriers preventing both alcohol moderation and quitting smoking. Lack of family support, stress and concerns about weight gain, particularly in women, were perceived barriers to smoking cessation. Type A behaviour was associated with smoking and "unsafe" drinking in both men and women, generally unhealthy dietary choices in young women but with greater physical activity in young men. Depressive affect was significantly higher in female smokers and "unsafe" drinkers and tended to have an inverse relationship with physical activity in men and women. Depressive affect was inversely related to self-efficacy in both men and women for each of the health behaviours examined. Health promotion in young adults should therefore attempt to increase self-efficacy and address perceived barriers to change, taking into account gender-related differences in attitudes and the influence of depression and Type A characteristics on health-related behaviours.
对301名18岁澳大利亚男性和282名18岁澳大利亚女性进行了研究，以考察与饮食、体育活动、饮酒和吸烟等健康相关行为有关的社会心理变量。这些社会心理变量包括A型行为和抑郁情绪、参与健康行为的自我效能感以及实施这些行为的感知障碍。女性在遵循健康饮食和适度饮酒方面的自我效能感更高，但男性在体育活动方面的自我效能感更高。吸烟的自我效能感在性别上没有差异。意志力缺乏被视为理想饮食、吸烟和体育活动行为的障碍。其他与饮食相关的感知障碍包括外出就餐时购买合适的食物、对合适食物的无知以及年轻女性认为费用较高。理想体育活动水平的障碍包括规划时间、疲劳、限制社交生活和缺乏社会支持。社交场合是阻止适度饮酒和戒烟的主要感知障碍。缺乏家庭支持、压力以及对体重增加的担忧，尤其是女性，被视为戒烟的障碍。A型行为与男性和女性的吸烟及“不安全”饮酒有关，年轻女性通常有不健康的饮食选择，但年轻男性有更多的体育活动。女性吸烟者和“不安全”饮酒者的抑郁情绪明显更高，并且在男性和女性中抑郁情绪与体育活动往往呈负相关。在男性和女性中，对于所考察的每一项健康行为，抑郁情绪与自我效能感均呈负相关。因此，针对年轻人的健康促进应尝试提高自我效能感并解决感知到的改变障碍，同时考虑到态度上的性别差异以及抑郁和A型性格特征对健康相关行为的影响。
