Maternal diagnosis and treatment of children's fever in an endemic malaria zone of Uganda: implications for the malaria control programme.

A mother's ability to suspect malaria in the presence of fever has important consequences for child survival in malaria-endemic areas. This paper presents results of a clinic-based study of mothers' abilities to suspect malaria in the event of recognizing fever and other physiological and behavioral changes associated with the disease. The study population consisted of all (439) women or mothers who had accompanied children 5 years and below to the Old Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda over a 10 day period during the malaria season of 1992. The children were those who had fever as a major complaint at the time of the visit or those who had fever in the last 7 days and were visiting the clinic for the first time for the current illness. The children were physically examined and their blood tested for malaria parasites. Mothers' diagnosis was compared with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of malaria. Mothers associated the presence of fever with several types of illness and malaria was often not suspected. Only 40% of the mothers suspected malaria in their children. The mothers were poor at recognizing malaria when, in fact, it was present. The sensitivity of the mothers' diagnosis of malaria was found to be 37%; 63% of malaria cases were misclassified as other conditions. The doctors classified most (92%) of the cases presenting with fever as having malaria, but laboratory tests indicated that only 64% of the children really had malaria. The sensitivity of clinical diagnosis was 98%, but the specificity was only 18%. Ninety percent of the mothers gave some medicines before visiting the health centre; and, of these, 76% gave modern drugs exclusively, including antimalarials, antipyretics, antibiotics and other drugs. Among the modern drugs given to children suspected of having malaria, 50% were antimalarials. The most commonly used antimalarial was chloroquine tablets. Mothers indiscriminately administered antimalarials to children irrespective of the perceived cause of the fever. There is need to educate mothers to suspect malaria first in every case of febrile illness, just like the doctors do, and about the first line drugs for the treatment of malaria.