Wilhelm M, Idel H
Institute of Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf.
Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1996 Jul;198(6):485-501.
Hair analysis comprises the determination of minerals, trace elements and drugs. It is applied in Germany with increasing frequency in the recently established field of environmental medicine for biological monitoring of the internal metal/metalloid exposure. Besides a number of advantages hair analysis is impaired by the difficulty-to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous sources of metals in hair. Except for methylmercury, there are no critical limit values for trace elements in hair available. However, valid reference values for some metals and for nicotine in hair have been recently presented in the German Environmental Survey. The significance of selected substances in hair are as follows: Aluminium in hair is of no value in environmental medicine. For assessment of cadmium and inorganic arsenic exposure hair analysis is only suitable as a screening method based on large populations. Monitoring of lead in hair is a valuable screening method also for small groups, especially for children. Based on toxicokinetics and under consideration of practicability the optimal biomarker of methylmercury exposure is the hair concentration. For other mercury compounds hair analysis is of lower significance. Nicotine and cotinine measurements in hair provide a practical and proper method for estimating environmental tobacco smoke exposure and to validate smoker status in epidemiological studies.
毛发分析包括对矿物质、微量元素和药物的测定。在德国，它在新兴的环境医学领域中应用越来越频繁，用于对体内金属/类金属暴露进行生物监测。除了诸多优点外，毛发分析也受到毛发中金属内源性和外源性来源难以区分的影响。除甲基汞外，目前尚无毛发中微量元素的临界限值。然而，德国环境调查最近公布了一些金属和毛发中尼古丁的有效参考值。毛发中选定物质的意义如下：毛发中的铝在环境医学中无价值。对于评估镉和无机砷暴露，毛发分析仅适用于基于大量人群的筛查方法。毛发中铅的监测对于小群体尤其是儿童也是一种有价值的筛查方法。基于毒代动力学并考虑实用性，甲基汞暴露的最佳生物标志物是毛发浓度。对于其他汞化合物，毛发分析的意义较小。毛发中尼古丁和可替宁的测量为评估环境烟草烟雾暴露以及在流行病学研究中验证吸烟者状态提供了一种实用且合适的方法。
