Relationships between verbal and nonverbal fluency measures: implications for assessment of executive functioning.

This experiment evaluated the relationship between verbal and nonverbal fluency measures commonly employed in neuropsychological assessment. Three fluency measures, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Design Fluency Test, and the Ruff Figural Fluency Test, were administered to a sample of 61 men and 73 women in college. Analyses indicated that scores on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test were significantly correlated with scores on the Fixed but not the Free Condition of the Design Fluency Test. Scores on the Ruff test were significantly more closely correlated with the Fixed versus the Free Condition, although they were also correlated with the total scores on the Design Fluency Test. Differential correlations are discussed in terms of the varying structure inherent in the measures of fluency and their presumed taxing of frontally mediated executive processes.