Kelemen W L, Weaver C A
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1997 Nov;23(6):1394-409. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.23.6.1394.
Judgments of learning (JOLs) made after a 5-min delay are almost perfectly accurate: the "delayed-JOL effect" (T. O. Nelson & J. Dunlosky, 1991). The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have been the subject of debate. This study examined the effects of delays and short-term memory (STM) distraction on memory and metamemory (JOLs). STM distraction (2.5-30 s) immediately following encoding increased both JOL accuracy and mean cued recall. However, JOLs made after longer delays (4-5 min) were even more accurate. In addition, making a JOL at longer delays improved cued-recall performance. Conditional probabilities of cued recall (given successful initial retrieval) also increased over time and with interference, indicating that delayed JOLs may alter what they assess. Finally, increased confidence was associated with shorter JOL latencies only at delays. The results are consistent with an accessibility view of metamemory (e.g., A. Koriat, 1993).
在延迟5分钟后做出的学习判断（JOLs）几乎完全准确：即“延迟JOL效应”（T. O. 纳尔逊和J. 邓洛斯基，1991年）。这一现象背后的机制一直是争论的焦点。本研究考察了延迟和短期记忆（STM）干扰对记忆和元记忆（JOLs）的影响。编码后立即进行的STM干扰（2.5 - 30秒）提高了JOL的准确性和平均线索回忆率。然而，在更长延迟（4 - 5分钟）后做出的JOLs甚至更准确。此外，在更长延迟时做出JOL可提高线索回忆表现。线索回忆的条件概率（给定成功的初始检索）也随时间和干扰增加，这表明延迟的JOLs可能会改变它们所评估的内容。最后，只有在延迟时，信心增加才与更短的JOL潜伏期相关。这些结果与元记忆的可及性观点一致（例如，A. 科里亚特，1993年）。
