History of emphysema surgery.

Ever since the advent of modern chest surgery, surgical pioneers have attempted operations to alleviate, if not cure, patients with emphysema. From the physiologic standpoint illogical procedures such as costochondrectomy, phrenisectomy, or thoracoplasty lead to disastrous results, whereas the effect of operations on the autonomous nervous system was unpredictable. The only worthwhile procedure was bullectomy for localized bullous emphysema. The concept of volume reduction developed by Brantigan in the 1950s and rediscovered by Cooper is the only successful surgical approach to an essentially incurable pulmonary disease.