Dwairy M
Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
Clin Psychol Rev. 1997 Nov;17(7):719-32. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00027-5.
For centuries western cultures have adopted a dualistic perspective toward people's health. The "self" has emerged as an independent entity from others as well from the body. Human distress has been psychologized and depression and anxiety have been attributed to intrapsychic structures and processes. Nevertheless, many nonwestern cultures still adopt holistic perspectives. Within these cultures, distress is manifested through physical rather than psychological complains. Therefore, psychological approaches, based on the independence of the self, may not be fitting for these societies. Instead, based on the assumption that nonwestern cultures are holistic and less psychologized and their problems are social rather than intrapsychic, a biopsychosocial approach is suggested. In addition, nonwesterners have a different concept of reality. For instance, within some communities fantasies and delusions are appreciated, constitute part of a normal life, and are considered to be the "real reality." Furthermore, complains are often described in metaphoric language. Accordingly, a biopsychosocial model of metaphoric therapy is proposed in which therapists would incorporate their clients' metaphoric imaginative culture. Metaphoric intervention also allow for changes in the biological, psychological, and sociocultural reality of the client.
几个世纪以来，西方文化对人们的健康采取了二元论的观点。“自我”已成为一个独立于他人以及身体的实体。人类的痛苦被心理化，抑郁和焦虑被归因于心理内部的结构和过程。然而，许多非西方文化仍然采用整体观。在这些文化中，痛苦通过身体而非心理抱怨表现出来。因此，基于自我独立性的心理方法可能不适用于这些社会。相反，基于非西方文化是整体性的、较少心理化且其问题是社会性而非心理内部性的假设，建议采用生物心理社会方法。此外，非西方人对现实有不同的概念。例如，在一些社区中，幻想和错觉受到欣赏，构成正常生活的一部分，并被视为“真实的现实”。此外，抱怨通常用隐喻性语言描述。因此，提出了一种隐喻治疗的生物心理社会模型，其中治疗师将融入其客户的隐喻性想象文化。隐喻干预也允许客户在生物、心理和社会文化现实方面发生变化。
