Waldschmidt J G, Rilling R J, Kajdacsy-Balla A A, Boynton M D, Erickson S J
Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
Radiographics. 1997 Nov-Dec;17(6):1387-402. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.17.6.9397453.
Hyaline cartilage plays an essential role in the maintenance of normal synovial joint function by reducing friction and distributing loads. Histologic analysis of hyaline cartilage reveals zonal variation in cellular morphology, proteoglycan concentration, and collagen fiber size and orientation. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging reveals an analogous laminar anatomy that is often visible on clinical images obtained with proper attention to technique. In vitro and in vivo pulse sequences show three distinct laminae: a hypointense superficial lamina, a hyperintense intermediate lamina, and a heterogeneous deep lamina that consists of alternating hyperintense and hypointense bands perpendicular to the subchondral bone. Imaging pitfalls include magic angle effects, truncation artifact, partial volume effect, regional anatomic variation, chemical shift, and magnetic susceptibility effects. Pathologic conditions that affect articular cartilage include chondromalacia patellae, osteoarthritis, and localized traumatic lesions. Although detection of early cartilage disease remains elusive, MR imaging can demonstrate intermediate and advanced lesions.
透明软骨通过减少摩擦和分散负荷，在维持正常滑膜关节功能中发挥着重要作用。对透明软骨的组织学分析显示，其细胞形态、蛋白聚糖浓度以及胶原纤维大小和方向存在区域差异。高分辨率磁共振（MR）成像显示出类似的分层结构，在通过适当注意技术获得的临床图像上通常可见。体外和体内脉冲序列显示出三个不同的层：低信号的表层、高信号的中间层以及由垂直于软骨下骨的交替高信号和低信号带组成的异质深层。成像陷阱包括魔角效应、截断伪影、部分容积效应、局部解剖变异、化学位移和磁化率效应。影响关节软骨的病理状况包括髌骨软化症、骨关节炎和局部创伤性病变。尽管早期软骨疾病的检测仍然困难，但MR成像可以显示中期和晚期病变。
