Antón S C, Franzen J L
University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
J Hum Evol. 1997 Nov;33(5):599-610. doi: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0152.
Since its discovery in 1938 Sangiran-3 has been considered a juvenile Pithecanthropus (Homo) erectus, and therefore, excluded from studies of adult H. erectus. Although morphological features align Sangiran-3 with H. erectus, its age designation rests on an unconvincing reconstruction of the occipital torus and lack of sutural fusion. Evaluation of the occipital shows the original reconstruction is faulty and that the current midline occipital torus is actually the right lateral torus. The new reconstruction of Sangiran-3 results in midline toral morphology and development that is comparable with that in Sangiran-2. Compared with juvenile and adult H. erectus and Homo sapiens Sangiran-3 has three fully developed layers of vault bone with localized hypertrophy of the outer table into a sagittal keel, bregmatic eminence, and occipital torus. Sangiran-3's absolute vault thickness is also within the range of adult H. erectus. In addition, the coronal suture is fully interdigitated and sagittal sutural complexity is consistent with adult H. erectus. Sangiran-3's parietal sagittal contours are indistinguishable from adult H. erectus, whereas sagittal vault contours of juvenile H. erectus are usually more rounded than adults. These features indicate that Sangiran-3 is best considered a young adult H. erectus and should be included in metric and non-metric analyses of this taxon.
自1938年发现以来，桑吉兰3号一直被认为是幼年的直立猿人（人属），因此被排除在成年直立人研究之外。尽管形态特征使桑吉兰3号与直立人相符，但其年龄判定基于枕骨隆突的不可信重建以及缺乏缝合线融合。对枕骨的评估表明，原来的重建是错误的，当前的枕骨中线隆突实际上是右侧的隆突。桑吉兰3号的新重建导致中线隆突形态和发育与桑吉兰2号相当。与幼年和成年直立人以及智人相比，桑吉兰3号有三层完全发育的颅骨，其外板局部肥大形成矢状嵴、前囟隆起和枕骨隆突。桑吉兰3号颅骨的绝对厚度也在成年直立人的范围内。此外，冠状缝完全交错，矢状缝的复杂性与成年直立人一致。桑吉兰3号顶骨矢状轮廓与成年直立人无法区分，而幼年直立人的矢状颅骨轮廓通常比成年人更圆。这些特征表明，桑吉兰3号最好被视为年轻成年直立人，应纳入该分类群的测量和非测量分析。
