Monniaux D, Huet C, Besnard N, Clément F, Bosc M, Pisselet C, Monget P, Mariana J C
INRA, Station de Physiologie de la Reproduction des Mammifères Domestiques, URA CNRS 1291, Nouzilly, France.
J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1997;51:3-23.
General characteristics of female reproductive activity, such as seasonality, cyclicity and triggering of ovulation differ widely among mammals, but common mechanisms underlie ovarian function. In all mammals, follicles begin to grow from a pool of primordial follicles constituted early in life, continuously throughout the life of the female. Follicular development involves two phases. In a first phase (basal follicular growth), follicles grow slowly and follicular growth rate is tightly related to proliferation of granulosa cells. Basal follicular growth is mainly under the control of growth factors of paracrine origin. In these follicles, FSH may exert an indirect mitogenic effect on granulosa cells by enhancing expression of growth factors or growth factor receptors. In a second phase (terminal follicular growth), follicular growth is rapid and occurs by enlargement of the antrum. In addition, it is accompanied by important changes in differentiation of follicular cells. Terminal follicular development is strictly dependent on gonadotrophins. FSH plays determinant roles in enhancing granulosa cell differentiation and survival. These actions are mediated or modulated in an important way by paracrine factors, particularly steroids and growth factors. LH stimulates steroidogenesis in theca cells and sustains terminal maturation of granulosa cells in preovulatory follicles. Follicular growth, atresia and ovulation are accompanied by important tissue remodelling processes, which are under the fine control of proteinases and inhibitors of proteinases. In particular matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are probably involved in the control of rapid terminal follicular growth and regression of atretic follicles as well as in follicular rupture at ovulation.
雌性生殖活动的一般特征，如季节性、周期性和排卵触发在哺乳动物之间差异很大，但卵巢功能存在共同机制。在所有哺乳动物中，卵泡从生命早期形成的原始卵泡池中开始生长，在雌性的整个生命过程中持续不断。卵泡发育包括两个阶段。在第一阶段（基础卵泡生长），卵泡生长缓慢，卵泡生长速率与颗粒细胞的增殖密切相关。基础卵泡生长主要受旁分泌来源的生长因子控制。在这些卵泡中，促卵泡激素（FSH）可能通过增强生长因子或生长因子受体的表达对颗粒细胞发挥间接的促有丝分裂作用。在第二阶段（终末卵泡生长），卵泡生长迅速，通过卵泡腔扩大实现。此外，它还伴随着卵泡细胞分化的重要变化。终末卵泡发育严格依赖促性腺激素。FSH在增强颗粒细胞分化和存活方面起决定性作用。这些作用在很大程度上由旁分泌因子介导或调节，特别是类固醇和生长因子。促黄体生成素（LH）刺激卵泡膜细胞的类固醇生成，并维持排卵前卵泡中颗粒细胞的终末成熟。卵泡生长、闭锁和排卵伴随着重要的组织重塑过程，这些过程受蛋白酶和蛋白酶抑制剂的精确控制。特别是基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制剂可能参与控制终末卵泡的快速生长和闭锁卵泡的退化，以及排卵时的卵泡破裂。
