Protoporphyrin IX accumulation in cells treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid: dependence on cell density, cell size and cell cycle.

Human colon adenocarcinoma cells (WiDr) and Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts cells (V79) were incubated with different concentrations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and the production of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was studied using several techniques. The amount of PpIX produced per cell increased with increasing ALA concentration according to different kinetics for the 2 cell lines. For both cell lines a cell density dependency of the PpIX synthesis was observed. For saturating ALA concentrations, 2-3 times more PpIX was produced per cell at a density of 5 x 10(4) than at a density of 5 x 10(3) cells/cm2. The photosensitivity of cells appeared to increase even more than the PpIX content, indicating a cooperative effect in inactivation. The PpIX production rate increased with cell size and was about 1.9 times higher for cells in the G2 + M phase than for cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Neither cell size nor cell cycle distribution were significantly dependent on cell density.