Bare J C, Cicmanec J, Cabezas H
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
Drug Chem Toxicol. 1997 Nov;20(4):411-7. doi: 10.3109/01480549709003897.
Pollution prevention requires the assessment of various multimedia environmental impacts to ensure that the alternative selected most closely represents the environmental goals and priorities of the facility. While some facility's environmental policies are easy to assess (e.g., reduce TRI emissions), others require a more sophisticated assessment methodology (e.g., select the most environmentally-friendly manufacturing process). Chemical environmental impact assessment for pollution prevention can be very effective, but can only provide a scientifically defensible decision point if the methodologies, analytical tools, and data quality are consistent with the environmental goals and priorities expressed. In many assessments completed in the past, the assessment methodologies have been overly simplistic when compared to the environmental goals projected. More sophisticated chemical impact assessment methodologies have not been used in the past for a variety of reasons, including: poor study design, poor data quality, inadequate funding, inadequate computer systems and databases, and practitioner's lack of understanding. This paper will describe a broad range of assessment methodologies, the steps involved in various evaluations, various resources available to conduct pollution prevention impact assessments, and on-going methodology development.
污染预防需要评估各种多媒体环境影响，以确保所选替代方案最能体现设施的环境目标和优先事项。虽然一些设施的环境政策易于评估（例如，减少有毒物质排放清单（TRI）排放），但其他政策则需要更复杂的评估方法（例如，选择最环保的制造工艺）。用于污染预防的化学环境影响评估可能非常有效，但只有当方法、分析工具和数据质量与所表达的环境目标和优先事项一致时，才能提供科学上合理的决策点。在过去完成的许多评估中，与预计的环境目标相比，评估方法过于简单。过去由于各种原因未使用更复杂的化学影响评估方法，包括：研究设计不佳、数据质量差、资金不足、计算机系统和数据库不完善以及从业人员缺乏了解。本文将描述广泛的评估方法、各种评估所涉及的步骤、可用于进行污染预防影响评估的各种资源以及正在进行的方法开发。
