Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 May 15;189(1-2):315-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.044. Epub 2011 Feb 23.
Modern manufacturing of printed wiring boards (PWBs) involves extensive use of various hazardous chemicals in different manufacturing steps such as board preparation, circuit design transfer, etching and plating processes. Two complementary environmental screening methods developed by the U.S. EPA, namely: (i) the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and (ii) Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI), are used to quantify geographic and chemical environmental impacts in the U.S. PWB manufacturing industry based on Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) data. Although the release weight percentages of industrial chemicals such as methanol, glycol ethers and dimethylformamide comprise the larger fraction of reported air and water emissions, results indicate that lead, copper and their compounds' releases correspond to the highest environmental impact from toxicity potentials and risk-screening scores. Combining these results with further knowledge of PWB manufacturing, select alternative chemical processes and materials for pollution prevention are discussed. Examples of effective pollution prevention options in the PWB industry include spent etchant recovery technologies, and process and material substitutions. In addition, geographic assessment of environmental burden highlights states where promotion of pollution prevention strategies and emissions regulations can have the greatest effect to curb the PWB industry's toxic release impacts.
现代印制电路板（PWB）的制造涉及在不同的制造步骤中广泛使用各种危险化学品，例如板准备、电路设计转移、蚀刻和电镀工艺。美国环保署开发了两种互补的环境筛选方法，即：（i）用于减少和评估化学和其他环境影响的工具（TRACI）和（ii）风险筛选环境指标（RSEI），用于根据有毒物质释放清单（TRI）数据量化美国 PWB 制造行业的地理和化学环境影响。尽管甲醇、乙二醇醚和二甲基甲酰胺等工业化学品的释放重量百分比构成了报告的空气和水排放的较大部分，但结果表明，铅、铜及其化合物的释放对应于毒性潜力和风险筛选得分的最高环境影响。将这些结果与 PWB 制造的进一步知识相结合，讨论了用于污染预防的替代化学工艺和材料。PWB 行业中有效污染预防选择的示例包括废蚀刻剂回收技术以及工艺和材料替代。此外，环境负担的地理评估突出了可以促进污染预防策略和排放法规以遏制 PWB 行业有毒释放影响的州。
