Melnick B A
Int J Psychoanal. 1997 Oct;78 ( Pt 5):997-1015.
The author argues that ongoing work in cognitive linguistics affords a better understanding of how metaphor functions, both in psychic life and in the formulation of psychoanalytic theory. Lakoff and Johnson have shown that a great deal of our thought and perception depends on mainly unconscious metaphors, drawn in large part from basic bodily experience. Their findings can be most immediately related to psychoanalysis via the theory of libidinal development. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the theory of libidinal development was itself generated in part by a metaphor--a misleading embryological one, which, historically, has tended to encourage reification. Secondly, the links that the theory points out between experience of cathected zones and later character traits are essentially metaphorical (or metonymic) in nature. The author considers that it should be possible to re-express the classical theory in language that both avoids reification and gives due importance to metaphor, and that such a re-expression would offer a number of advantages, including that of clarifying the relationship between possession of a penis and 'phallic' character traits.
作者认为，认知语言学领域正在进行的研究有助于更好地理解隐喻在心理生活和精神分析理论形成过程中的作用方式。莱考夫和约翰逊已经表明，我们的大量思维和感知主要依赖于无意识的隐喻，这些隐喻在很大程度上源自基本的身体体验。他们的发现可以通过力比多发展理论最直接地与精神分析联系起来。原因有两个。首先，力比多发展理论本身部分是由一个隐喻产生的——一个具有误导性的胚胎学隐喻，从历史上看，这个隐喻往往会助长具体化。其次，该理论所指出的在被贯注区域的体验与后来的性格特征之间的联系本质上是隐喻性的（或转喻性的）。作者认为，应该有可能用既避免具体化又充分重视隐喻的语言重新表述经典理论，并且这样的重新表述将带来许多好处，包括阐明拥有阴茎与“阴茎型”性格特征之间的关系。
