Ross B D, Bluml S, Cowan R, Danielsen E, Farrow N, Gruetter R
Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
Biophys Chem. 1997 Oct;68(1-3):161-72. doi: 10.1016/s0301-4622(97)00032-x.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in low and medium magnetic fields yields well-resolved natural abundance proton and decoupled phosphorus spectra from small (1-10 cc) volumes of brain in vivo in minutes. With this tool, neurochemical research has advanced through identification and non-invasive assay of specific neuronal--(N-acetylaspartate), glial (myo-inositol)--markers, energetics and osmolytes, and neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA). From these simple measurements, several dozen disease states are recognized, including birth injury, and white matter and Alzheimer disease. Addition of stable isotopes of carbon (in man) or nitrogen (in experimental animals) has provided in vivo assays of enzyme flux through glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA-cycle, and the glutamine-glutamate-GABA system. Finally, a number of xenobiotics are recognized with heteronuclear NMR techniques. Together, these tools are having a major impact on neuroscience and clinical medicine. Through diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, a new generation of in vivo metabolite imaging is expected with the advent of conforming RF coils and higher field NMR systems.
低场和中场核磁共振波谱法（MRS）能在数分钟内，从活体中体积较小（1 - 10立方厘米）的脑区获取分辨良好的天然丰度质子谱和解耦磷谱。借助这一工具，神经化学研究取得了进展，通过对特定神经元标志物（N - 乙酰天门冬氨酸）、胶质细胞标志物（肌醇）、能量物质和渗透溶质以及神经递质（谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸）进行识别和无创检测。通过这些简单测量，可识别出几十种疾病状态，包括出生损伤、白质病变和阿尔茨海默病。添加碳的稳定同位素（用于人体）或氮的稳定同位素（用于实验动物），可对通过葡萄糖转运、糖酵解、三羧酸循环以及谷氨酰胺 - 谷氨酸 - γ-氨基丁酸系统的酶通量进行活体检测。最后，利用异核核磁共振技术可识别多种外源化学物。总之，这些工具正在对神经科学和临床医学产生重大影响。随着适形射频线圈和更高场强核磁共振系统的出现，有望通过诊断和治疗监测实现新一代的活体代谢物成像。
