Toussaint H M, Wakayoshi K, Hollander A P, Ogita F
Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jan;30(1):144-51. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199801000-00020.
Competitive pool swimming events range in distance from 50 to 1500 m. Given the difference in performance times (+/- 23-1000 s), the contribution of the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems changes considerably with race distance. In training practice the regression line between swimming distance and time (Distance = critical velocity x time + anaerobic swimming capacity) is used to determine the individual capacity of the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. Although there is confidence that critical velocity and anaerobic swimming capacity are fitness measures that separate aerobic and anaerobic components, a firm theoretical basis for the interpretation of these results does not exist. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the critical power concept and anaerobic swimming capacity as measures of the aerobic and anaerobic capacity using a modeling approach.
A systems model was developed that relates the mechanics and energetics involved in front crawl swimming performance. From actual swimming flume measurements, the time dependent aerobic and anaerobic energy release was modeled. Data derived from the literature were used to relate the energy cost of front crawl swimming to swimming velocity. A balance should exist between the energy cost to swim a distance in a certain time and the concomitant aerobic and anaerobic energy release. The ensuing model was used to predict performance times over a range of distances (50-1500 m) and to calculate the regression line between swimming distance and time.
Using a sensitivity analysis, it was demonstrated that the critical velocity is indicative for the capacity of the aerobic energy system. Estimates of the anaerobic swimming capacity, however, were influenced by variations in both anaerobic and aerobic energy release. Therefore, it was concluded that the anaerobic swimming capacity does not provide a reliable estimate of the anaerobic capacity.
竞技泳池游泳项目的距离从50米到1500米不等。鉴于成绩时间存在差异（±23 - 1000秒），有氧和无氧能量系统的贡献会随着比赛距离而发生显著变化。在训练实践中，游泳距离和时间之间的回归线（距离 = 临界速度×时间 + 无氧游泳能力）被用于确定有氧和无氧代谢途径的个体能力。尽管人们相信临界速度和无氧游泳能力是区分有氧和无氧成分的体能指标，但对于这些结果的解释并不存在坚实的理论基础。本研究的目的是使用建模方法评估临界功率概念和无氧游泳能力作为有氧和无氧能力的指标。
开发了一个系统模型，该模型关联了自由泳表现中涉及的力学和能量学。根据实际游泳水槽测量结果，对随时间变化的有氧和无氧能量释放进行建模。利用从文献中获取的数据将自由泳的能量消耗与游泳速度联系起来。在一定时间内游完一段距离所需的能量消耗与同时发生的有氧和无氧能量释放之间应存在平衡。随后使用该模型预测一系列距离（50 - 1500米）的成绩时间，并计算游泳距离和时间之间的回归线。
通过敏感性分析表明，临界速度可指示有氧能量系统的能力。然而，无氧游泳能力的估计受到无氧和有氧能量释放变化的影响。因此，得出结论：无氧游泳能力不能可靠地估计无氧能力。
