Lutenbacher M, Hall L A
School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Nurs Res. 1998 Jan-Feb;47(1):25-34. doi: 10.1097/00006199-199801000-00006.
Although recent evidence implies linkages among depression or depressive symptoms, self-esteem, history of childhood abuse, and parenting attitudes, the evidence does not clearly elucidate the relationships among these variables.
To investigate the relationships among maternal psychosocial factors (history of childhood abuse, everyday stressors, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms) and parenting attitudes of low-income, single mothers who have young children.
Secondary analyses of data from in-home interviews with 206 low-income, single mothers from a southeastern United States urban area were conducted. A variety of scales, including the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI), were used to measure maternal psychosocial factors.
Using the AAPI, a Modified Parenting Attitudes Measure (MPAM), and subscales, a three-stage regression procedure was used to test the model. For stages 1 and 2, everyday stressors were the strongest predictor of self-esteem. Childhood sexual abuse, everyday stressors, low self-esteem, and control variables accounted for 58% of variance in depressive symptoms. In the third stage for the AAPI, only control variables were retained except in the Lack of Empathy subscale, where depressive symptoms and control variables accounted for 16% of the variance. The third stage for the MPAM yielded, by subscale: Only control variables predicted Corporal Punishment Beliefs; depressive symptoms were the strongest predictor for the total MPAM (19% of variance) and of the Inappropriate Emotional Expectations subscale (17%); and childhood physical abuse was the only predictor of Role Reversal.
Depressive symptoms mediated the effects of childhood abuse, everyday stressors, and self-esteem and provided the linkage between these variables and at-risk parenting attitudes. Self-esteem decreased as everyday stressors increased but did not directly affect parenting attitudes. A relationship was not found between childhood abuse and low self-esteem. This study highlights the complexity of parenting and the need to identify other factors of at-risk parenting not accounted for in this study.
尽管近期证据表明抑郁或抑郁症状、自尊、童年虐待史及养育态度之间存在联系，但这些证据并未清晰阐明这些变量之间的关系。
探讨有年幼子女的低收入单身母亲的母亲心理社会因素（童年虐待史、日常压力源、自尊及抑郁症状）与养育态度之间的关系。
对来自美国东南部城市地区的206名低收入单身母亲进行的家庭访谈数据进行二次分析。使用了多种量表，包括成人-青少年养育量表（AAPI）来测量母亲的心理社会因素。
使用AAPI、改良养育态度量表（MPAM）及其分量表，采用三阶段回归程序对模型进行检验。在第1阶段和第2阶段，日常压力源是自尊的最强预测因素。童年性虐待、日常压力源、低自尊及控制变量解释了抑郁症状58%的变异。在AAPI的第3阶段，除了缺乏同理心分量表外，仅保留了控制变量，在该分量表中，抑郁症状和控制变量解释了16%的变异。MPAM的第3阶段按分量表得出：仅控制变量预测体罚信念；抑郁症状是MPAM总量表（19%的变异）和不适当情感期望分量表（17%）的最强预测因素；童年身体虐待是角色颠倒的唯一预测因素。
抑郁症状介导了童年虐待、日常压力源和自尊的影响，并在这些变量与有风险的养育态度之间建立了联系。自尊随着日常压力源的增加而降低，但并未直接影响养育态度。未发现童年虐待与低自尊之间存在关联。本研究强调了养育的复杂性以及识别本研究未涵盖的其他有风险养育因素的必要性。
