[The indication for cystoscopy in children].

The diagnostic procedures in children presenting urological symptoms, i.e. hematuria, recurrent urinary tract infections, disorders of the upper urinary tract or of the pattern of micturition include urinary sediment and bacterial culture, the investigation of red blood cell morphology, urinary electrolytes and osmolarity, ultrasound, i.v. pyelogram, cysturethrogram, combined uroflow and pelvic floor-EMG, MAG III-clearance and a urodynamic evaluation. In the rare situation of unclear symptoms that defy the non-invasive diagnostic procedures mentioned, a urethrocystoscopy can be advisable. A cystoscopy will be mandatory in endoscopic therapy or when operative interventions are planned.