Mealey J B, Cohen M M, Jordan K
NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1998 Feb;69(2):104-10.
If an observer first learns to recognize an object in a specific orientation, a significant increase in processing time usually occurs when the object is subsequently seen in a different orientation; this phenomenon is called the "misorientation effect." The present study examines how quickly and how accurately human observers discriminate between airport maps that are viewed in orientations other than those in which they were initially learned.
Participants were trained to discriminate between two navigation maps that were seen in only one orientation; they subsequently were tested with maps and aerial photographs of the same airports that were presented in various orientations.
There were three principal findings: a) discriminative responses to maps of airports were most rapid when the maps were seen in the same orientation as that in which they were initially learned; b) a significant reduction in reaction time (RT) occurred with repeated presentations of the misoriented stimuli; and c) information learned from navigation maps was not sufficient for all observers to recognize aerial photographs of the same airports.
如果观察者首先学会在特定方向上识别一个物体，那么当该物体随后以不同方向出现时，处理时间通常会显著增加；这种现象被称为“方向错误效应”。本研究考察人类观察者能够多快且多准确地区分以与最初学习方向不同的方向呈现的机场地图。
参与者接受训练，以区分仅在一个方向上呈现的两张导航地图；随后，他们接受测试，测试中呈现的是同一机场的地图和航拍照片，且这些地图和照片以各种不同方向呈现。
有三个主要发现：a）当机场地图以与最初学习时相同的方向呈现时，对其的辨别反应最为迅速；b）随着方向错误的刺激重复呈现，反应时间（RT）显著缩短；c）从导航地图中学到的信息并不足以让所有观察者识别同一机场的航拍照片。
