de Wolf W, Feijtel T
N.V. Procter & Gamble Eurocor SA, European Technical Centre, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium.
Chemosphere. 1998 Mar;36(6):1319-43. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)10021-2.
A comparison of the estimated environmental concentration and the effect concentrations (in the laboratory or field) in the receiving compartment form the basis of environmental risk assessments. This paper reviews processes that critically influence the fate of LAS in the terrestrial environment. Concentrations of LAS in sludge are quite high due to sorption to primary sludge, precipitation of Ca and Mg-salts of LAS, and lack of biodegradation under anaerobic digestion. This implies that when sludge is applied to soil e.g. as a fertilizer, considerable amounts of this important surfactant may enter the terrestrial environment. Influence of aerobic situations on LAS concentrations during sludge storage needs further research to allow incorporation into the risk assessment. Aerobic biodegradation in soil is considered the most important removal mechanism of LAS loading to the terrestrial environment through sludge-amendment. Sorption plays a role in determining the residence time of a chemical in the soil, hereby enabling more time for biodegradation to occur. In addition, sorption may affect the expression of effects of surfactants towards benthic and soil dwelling organisms and plants. Another factor that needs further attention is the form of LAS in the environment, which is not similar to the commercial material applied in detergents. The differential sorption and biodegradation of the LAS components lead to a shift in the alkyl chain length (homologue), and phenylisomer distribution towards increased hydrophobicity. Also, occurrence of Ca/Mg-salts in the environment versus the Na-salt for the commercial material critically impacts the extrapolation of effects data obtained in lab studies (mostly performed with the commercial material) to the field. The literature data were used in combination with strategies and methods provided by the European Union Technical Guidance Document in support of risk assessment of new and notified substances (1996) for the prediction of environmental concentrations of LAS entering the soil system through sludge applications. Soil biodegradation is an essential, necessary element for the PEC-calculations of LAS. The initial realistic worst case assessment presented indicates no human health risks exists with indirect exposure to LAS through either food or drinking water. Also, current LAS use does not pose a risk to terrestrial organisms such as plants and invertebrates.
将估算的环境浓度与受体隔室中的效应浓度（实验室或现场）进行比较，构成了环境风险评估的基础。本文综述了对直链烷基苯磺酸盐（LAS）在陆地环境中归宿有重大影响的过程。由于LAS吸附在初沉污泥上、LAS的钙盐和镁盐沉淀以及在厌氧消化条件下缺乏生物降解，污泥中LAS的浓度相当高。这意味着，当污泥作为肥料施用于土壤时，大量这种重要的表面活性剂可能会进入陆地环境。污泥储存期间好氧情况对LAS浓度的影响需要进一步研究，以便纳入风险评估。土壤中的好氧生物降解被认为是通过污泥改良向陆地环境中输入LAS的最重要去除机制。吸附在决定化学物质在土壤中的停留时间方面发挥作用，从而使生物降解有更多时间发生。此外，吸附可能会影响表面活性剂对底栖生物、土壤生物和植物的效应表现。另一个需要进一步关注的因素是环境中LAS的形态，它与洗涤剂中使用的商业材料不同。LAS各成分的吸附和生物降解差异导致烷基链长度（同系物）和苯基异构体分布向疏水性增加的方向转变。此外，环境中钙/镁盐的存在与商业材料中的钠盐相比，对将实验室研究（大多使用商业材料进行）获得的效应数据外推至现场有重大影响。文献数据与欧盟技术指导文件提供的策略和方法相结合，以支持对通过污泥施用进入土壤系统的LAS进行环境浓度预测的新物质和已通报物质的风险评估。土壤生物降解是LAS预测环境浓度（PEC）计算的一个基本且必要的要素。所呈现的初步实际最坏情况评估表明，通过食物或饮用水间接接触LAS不存在人类健康风险。同样，目前LAS的使用对植物和无脊椎动物等陆地生物不构成风险。
