Galland J C
Food Animal Health and Management Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-5606, USA.
Rev Sci Tech. 1997 Aug;16(2):395-404. doi: 10.20506/rst.16.2.1023.
A brief general description of the beef cattle slaughter process used in the United States of America is presented. Considerable variation in prevalence of microbial contamination at beef processing establishments has been reported. Primary factors which may explain this variation include: a) pathogen load on, or in, live animals entering the establishment; b) sanitation practices used by the establishment. Pathogen load on, or in, live animals depends on environmental exposure to contaminants, the health of the animal, and on situations stressful to the animal which may increase microbial shedding, such as disrupted access to feed and water, transport, handling and contact with other animals. Processing stations and slaughter practices which are potential sources of carcass contamination are listed, and points on carcasses where contamination is most likely to occur are noted. Contamination risk-reduction measures within an establishment include carcass treatments with anti-microbial agents, trimming, washing, steaming, chilling and gamma irradiation. Several good sanitation practices are described. Microbial monitoring is a necessary step for determining whether sanitation practices are efficacious, but the usefulness of microbial monitoring depends on the microbial tests selected, sampling procedures, frequency of sampling, the rapidity of receiving test results and consistent and accurate record-keeping and analysis. Federal inspection to ensure that processing establishments comply with new Federal regulations regarding the implementation of standard sanitation procedures and microbial testing should result in greater vigilance of good sanitation practices by establishments.
本文简要介绍了美国肉牛屠宰过程。据报道，肉牛加工企业微生物污染的发生率存在很大差异。可能解释这种差异的主要因素包括：a）进入企业的活体动物体表或体内的病原体负荷；b）企业采用的卫生措施。活体动物体表或体内的病原体负荷取决于其对污染物的环境暴露、动物的健康状况，以及可能增加微生物排放的应激情况，如饲料和水供应中断、运输、处理以及与其他动物接触。列出了可能造成胴体污染的加工环节和屠宰操作，并指出了胴体上最容易发生污染的部位。企业内部降低污染风险的措施包括用抗菌剂处理胴体、修整、清洗、蒸煮、冷藏和伽马射线辐照。描述了几种良好的卫生措施。微生物监测是确定卫生措施是否有效的必要步骤，但微生物监测的有效性取决于所选的微生物检测方法、采样程序、采样频率、获得检测结果的速度以及记录和分析的一致性与准确性。联邦检查旨在确保加工企业遵守有关实施标准卫生程序和微生物检测的新联邦法规，这应会使企业更加严格地执行良好的卫生措施。
