Savitz S I, Rosenbaum D M
Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
Neurosurgery. 1998 Mar;42(3):555-72; discussion 573-4. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199803000-00026.
Enormous interest in cell death in the past several years has moved apoptosis to the forefront of scientific research. Apoptosis has been found to mediate cell deletion in tissue homeostasis, embryological development, and immunological functioning. It also occurs in pathological conditions, including cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Claims of neuronal apoptosis induced by various agents and conditions are published regularly, but in many instances the data are questionable because they are incomplete. This review presents a brief history of apoptosis and describes the evidence required before claims of apoptosis are made. Summaries and critiques of important investigations concerning the genetic and biochemical regulation of neuronal apoptosis are presented, as are other studies describing connections between apoptosis and neuronal cell death in physiological and pathological situations. There is a realization that apoptosis can be programmed and is distinguishable from necrotic cell death. Combining apoptosis with programmed cell death produces misleading terminology and confusion over these two forms of cell degeneration. Further investigations into neuronal apoptosis should focus on all of the criteria that the original investigators outlined 25 years ago, to clarify whether apoptosis and/or another form of cell death mediates neuronal degeneration in physiological settings and in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and ischemia/stroke.
在过去几年中，对细胞死亡的极大兴趣已将细胞凋亡推到了科学研究的前沿。人们发现细胞凋亡在组织稳态、胚胎发育和免疫功能中介导细胞清除。它也发生在包括癌症和获得性免疫缺陷综合征在内的病理状况中，并且与神经退行性疾病有关。关于各种因素和条件诱导神经元凋亡的说法经常被发表，但在许多情况下，数据是有问题的，因为它们不完整。本综述介绍了细胞凋亡的简要历史，并描述了在提出细胞凋亡的说法之前所需的证据。文中呈现了有关神经元凋亡的遗传和生化调节的重要研究的总结与评论，以及其他描述细胞凋亡与生理和病理情况下神经元细胞死亡之间联系的研究。人们认识到细胞凋亡是可以被编程的，并且与坏死性细胞死亡不同。将细胞凋亡与程序性细胞死亡混为一谈会产生误导性的术语，并导致对这两种细胞退化形式的混淆。对神经元凋亡的进一步研究应聚焦于25年前最初的研究者所概述的所有标准，以阐明细胞凋亡和/或另一种形式的细胞死亡是否在生理环境以及诸如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、癫痫和缺血/中风等神经疾病中介导神经元退化。
