A model for the recovery kinetics of rod phototransduction, based on the enzymatic deactivation of rhodopsin.

We propose a model for the recovery of the retinal rod photoresponse after a short stimulus. The approach describes the enzymatic deactivation of the photoactivated receptor, rhodopsin, by simple enzyme kinetics. An important feature of this description is that the R* deactivation obeys different time laws, depending on the numbers of R* formed per disc membrane and available enzyme molecules. If the enzyme works below substrate saturation, the rate of deactivation depends linearly on the number of R*, whereas for substrate saturation a hyperbolic relation--the well-known Michaelis-Menten equation--applies. This dichotomy is used to explain experimental finding that the relation between the saturation time of the photoresponse after short illumination and the flash strength has two sharply separated branches for low and high flash intensities (up to approximately 10% bleaching). By relating both branches to properties of the enzymatic rhodopsin deactivation, the new model transcends the classical notion of a constant characteristic lifetime of activated rhodopsin. With parameters that are plausible in the light of the available data and the additional information that the deactivating enzyme, rhodopsin kinase, and the signaling G-protein, transducin, compete for the active receptor, the slopes of the saturation function are correctly reproduced.