Segal A J
Rochester General Hospital, NY 14621, USA.
World J Urol. 1998;16(1):3-8. doi: 10.1007/s003450050018.
Urography is regarded as one of the best screening tests for evaluation of urinary tract disease and is commonly used in the search for a cause of hematuria or the presence of upper tract urothelial masses. It is also used in the evaluation of patients with trauma, known or suspected urolithiasis, or renal infection and for the documentation of obstruction or congenital abnormalities. The physician should have a basic understanding of iodinated contrast media and their benefits and effects on the patient. Patient risk factors include a history of (1) renal impairment, (2) significant allergies, (3) asthma, (4) diabetes mellitus, and (5) cardiac disease (particularly congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction, and primary pulmonary hypertension). Changing options for imaging modalities, contrast media, and patient preparation require continued attention to detail and individualization to allow optimization of the urographic examination.
尿路造影被视为评估泌尿系统疾病的最佳筛查测试之一，常用于查找血尿原因或上尿路尿路上皮肿块的存在情况。它还用于评估外伤患者、已知或疑似尿路结石患者、肾感染患者，以及记录梗阻或先天性异常情况。医生应基本了解碘化造影剂及其对患者的益处和影响。患者的风险因素包括：（1）肾功能损害病史；（2）严重过敏史；（3）哮喘；（4）糖尿病；（5）心脏病（特别是充血性心力衰竭、心律失常、不稳定型心绞痛、近期心肌梗死和原发性肺动脉高压）。成像方式、造影剂和患者准备方面不断变化的选择要求持续关注细节并进行个体化处理，以优化尿路造影检查。
