Matsunami K
Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo University Branch Hospital.
Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 1998;100(1):1-23.
According to recent cognitive theories, the greater part of the perceptional meaning and representative meaning are both pre-determined, or pre-organized as a set of meaning, which has a biophysiological and socio-cultural origin. Humans however, drive some kind of sensational Gestalt from each sense organ, and this is incapable of being transformed into language (representative pre-meaning), this enabling us to experience the possibility of truly private meaning in our own right. The author has emphasized this two moments of the meaning, that is, private moments of meaning vs. institutional moments. The author has offered the phenomenological hypothesis of auditory experience and elaborated the relation between these two moments in it. Then, the author has testified its validity in the process of describing and analysing the pathological alteration of auditory sensation in schizophrenia. Auditory space is thought to be differentiated into a three-dimensional structure. That is, a dimension of background, a dimension of signs, and a dimension of symbols, and we accept environmental-sounds, event-sounds, symbolic sounds in each level. Close investigations about 5 schizophrenics revealed that these patients undergo a strange silent experience before the onset of delusional ideas, descriptively and phenomenologically, this phenomenon appeared to be initiated by the deprivation of the dimension of background sounds (referred to as "the experience of no-sounds"). This experiences often occurred especially when they are eager to listen to the surrounding sounds (for example, noises in the neighborhood, classroom chatter), in order to solve their own interpersonal difficulties. Furthermore, the author described the ambivalent nature of patients' thinking in this pathological auditory situation, in which one idea of the polarity of dichotomy was forced to switch to the another one, influenced by an attribute of surrounding sounds. With regard to this aspect, the patients experienced both the physiological changes in the auditory structure as well as the psychological turmoil. The author has emphasized the need to appreciate this ambiguous nature of the psychological context mixed with the physiological context, which is supposed to be very important from psychotherapeutical viewpoint.
根据最近的认知理论，大部分感知意义和表征意义都是预先确定的，或者说是作为一组意义预先组织好的，这具有生物生理和社会文化起源。然而，人类从每个感觉器官中驱动某种感觉格式塔，而这无法转化为语言（表征前意义），这使我们能够凭自身体验到真正私人意义的可能性。作者强调了意义的这两个时刻，即意义的私人时刻与制度时刻。作者提出了听觉体验的现象学假设，并阐述了其中这两个时刻之间的关系。然后，作者在描述和分析精神分裂症听觉感觉的病理改变过程中验证了其有效性。听觉空间被认为可分化为三维结构。也就是说，背景维度、符号维度和象征维度，并且我们在每个层面接受环境声音、事件声音、象征声音。对5名精神分裂症患者的仔细研究表明，这些患者在妄想观念发作前会经历一种奇怪的无声体验，从描述和现象学角度来看，这种现象似乎是由背景声音维度的缺失引发的（称为“无声体验”）。这种体验尤其经常在他们渴望倾听周围声音（例如，邻里的噪音、课堂上的闲聊）以解决自身人际困难时出现。此外，作者描述了患者在这种病理性听觉情境中思维的矛盾性质，在这种情境中，二分法极性的一种观念会受周围声音的一种属性影响而被迫转向另一种观念。关于这方面，患者既经历了听觉结构的生理变化，也经历了心理动荡。作者强调需要认识到这种心理背景与生理背景混合的模糊性质，从心理治疗角度来看这应该非常重要。
