Strauss B
Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaften der CAU Kiel.
Z Exp Psychol. 1997;44(4):636-55.
According to Baumeister (e.g. 1985) "choking under pressure" means showing a suboptimal performance when under pressure, despite a high motivation to perform well. Factors that can exert pressure on performers ("pressure variables") include competition, the reward to be gained, the expectation of negative consequences, the presence of spectators etc. However, "choking" can also occur when public expectations (e.g., of the audience) are positive. Baumeister et al. (1985) showed this in two experiments. In the present study an experimental design (a 2 x 2 design) was developed to examine this question in a sport context. Under various conditions of public expectations ("positive" vs "no") and private expectations ("positive" vs "negative"), 60 university students repeatedly had to do a motor task on a rowing ergometer. The main results were: When the public expects success, but not the performing person, then the level of performance decreases. Under the condition of "public expectation of success" a better performance was only shown when the private and the public expectations corresponded with each other.
根据鲍迈斯特（例如1985年）的观点，“压力下发挥失常”是指在压力下表现欠佳，尽管有强烈的表现出色的动机。能够给表演者施加压力的因素（“压力变量”）包括竞争、可获得的奖励、对负面后果的预期、观众的在场等。然而，当公众期望（例如观众的期望）是积极的时候，“发挥失常”也可能发生。鲍迈斯特等人（1985年）在两项实验中证明了这一点。在本研究中，开发了一种实验设计（2×2设计），以在体育背景下研究这个问题。在公众期望（“积极”与“无”）和个人期望（“积极”与“消极”）的各种条件下，60名大学生反复在划船测力计上进行一项运动任务。主要结果是：当公众期望成功，但表演者不期望时，表现水平会下降。在“公众期望成功”的条件下，只有当个人期望与公众期望相互一致时，才会表现出更好的成绩。
