Kann P, Bittinger F, Hengstermann C, Engelbach M, Beyer J
Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin, Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie und Stoffwechselerkrankungen.
Ultraschall Med. 1998 Feb;19(1):4-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-993979.
In contrast to the reliable imaging of the adrenal gland in infants and children, transabdominal sonography of the adrenal glands is often unsuccessful.
To improve the imaging of the adrenal glands with high resolution in order to obtain information on even small changes in these organs.
Adrenal glands taken from human cadavers were investigated using a 7.5 MHz transducer. Thereafter, endosonographic imaging was investigated in 5 human cadavers using an endosonoscope PENTAX FG32 UA (longitudinal sector scanning. 7.5 MHz). Furthermore, the adrenal glands were imaged in a total of 30 patients with different indications for endosonography.
The adrenal glands in 5 human cadavers could be identified in each case. This was proved in one human cadaver by endosonographically guided fine needle puncture with consecutive preparation of the tissue damage caused by the needle. In a total of 30 patients with 56 adrenal glands (in 4 cases preview history of unilateral adrenalectomy), 55 adrenal glands were correctly identified and evaluated. The only exception was the left adrenal gland of a patient with Billroth-II-stomach, which was slightly pulled to the right and very small. Healthy adrenal glands are slightly hyperechoic as compared to the parenchyma of the kidney and have echogeneity comparable to other endocrinal organs such as the testicles or the thyroid. Endosonographic imaging of the adrenal glands is far superior in resolution and determination to transabdominal sonography. In 18 of 30 patients (60%) endosonography provided additional diagnostic information compared to conventional sonography.
Endosonography of the adrenal glands enables imaging of these organs with high resolution using a 7.5 MHz transducer from a distance of 1-2 cm.
与婴儿和儿童肾上腺可靠的成像情况不同，经腹超声检查肾上腺常常不成功。
提高肾上腺的高分辨率成像，以便获取这些器官哪怕微小变化的信息。
使用7.5兆赫的换能器对取自人类尸体的肾上腺进行研究。此后，使用宾得FG32 UA型内镜超声（纵向扇形扫描，7.5兆赫）对5具人类尸体进行内镜超声成像研究。此外，对总共30例有不同内镜超声检查适应证的患者的肾上腺进行成像。
在每例5具人类尸体中均能识别出肾上腺。在1具人类尸体中，通过内镜超声引导下细针穿刺并连续制备针造成的组织损伤得以证实。在总共30例有56个肾上腺（4例有单侧肾上腺切除术既往史）的患者中，55个肾上腺被正确识别和评估。唯一的例外是1例毕罗Ⅱ式胃切除术患者的左肾上腺，其被轻微拉向右方且非常小。与肾实质相比，健康的肾上腺略呈高回声，其回声性与其他内分泌器官如睾丸或甲状腺相当。肾上腺的内镜超声成像在分辨率和清晰度方面远优于经腹超声检查。与传统超声检查相比，在30例患者中的18例（60%）内镜超声检查提供了额外的诊断信息。
肾上腺的内镜超声检查能够使用7.5兆赫的换能器在1至2厘米的距离处对这些器官进行高分辨率成像。
