Rugg-Gunn A J, Al-Mohammadi S M, Butler T J
Department of Child Dental Health, Newcastle University Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Caries Res. 1998;32(3):181-92. doi: 10.1159/000016451.
Three hundred and ninety boys aged 2, 4 or 6 years from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, took part in a survey in 1993/94. The main aims of the study were first, to identify factors related to malnutrition in young children since a study of older children from the same area 1 year before had shown malnutrition to be strongly related to prevalence of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) of permanent teeth and, second, to identify factors related to the prevalence of developmental defects of primary teeth. Enamel defects were recorded by clinical examination of the buccal surfaces of all primary teeth by 1 examiner using the DDE index. A questionnaire to parents provided information on socio-economic status, illness in the mother and child, infant feeding, trauma to teeth and toothbrushing. A 24-hour dietary record, to estimate water and milk intake, and a 24-hour urine collection were obtained for each child twice. Nutritional status was calculated from height for age using WHO methods. Multiple regression analyses revealed four variables related (p<0.05) to malnourished status: low birth-weight, low volume of water drunk, child stopped breast- and bottle-feeding before 1 year of age, and low class urban or rural area of residence. Birth-weight was itself related to area of residence (p = 0.02), parental education (p = 0.02) and maternal illness during pregnancy (p = 0.06). Malnutrition (p<0.001), low birth-weight (p<0.001), childhood illness (p<0.001), brushing of child's teeth (p = 0.003) and swallowing toothpaste (p<0.001) were related to the prevalence of developmental defects of primary teeth. This study indicated several independent variables which may be related to the prevalence of enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth, but longitudinal studies are required to determine which are causes and which are markers of these developmental defects.
1993年至1994年，来自沙特阿拉伯利雅得的390名2岁、4岁或6岁男孩参与了一项调查。该研究的主要目的，其一，是确定与幼儿营养不良相关的因素，因为此前一年对该地区大龄儿童的一项研究表明，营养不良与恒牙釉质发育缺陷（DDE）的患病率密切相关；其二，是确定与乳牙发育缺陷患病率相关的因素。由一名检查者使用DDE指数通过临床检查所有乳牙的颊面来记录釉质缺陷。向家长发放的问卷提供了有关社会经济状况、母婴疾病、婴儿喂养、牙齿外伤和刷牙情况的信息。为每个孩子两次获取24小时饮食记录以估计水和牛奶摄入量，并收集24小时尿液。使用世界卫生组织的方法根据年龄别身高计算营养状况。多元回归分析揭示了与营养不良状况相关（p<0.05）的四个变量：低出生体重、饮水量少、孩子在1岁前停止母乳喂养和奶瓶喂养、以及居住在城市或农村的低阶层地区。出生体重本身与居住地区（p = 0.02）、父母教育程度（p = 0.02）和孕期母亲疾病（p = 0.06）相关。营养不良（p<0.001）、低出生体重（p<0.001）、儿童期疾病（p<着作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权，非商业转载请注明出处。001）、给孩子刷牙（p = 0.003）和吞咽牙膏（p<0.001）与乳牙发育缺陷的患病率相关。这项研究表明了几个可能与乳牙和恒牙釉质缺陷患病率相关的独立变量，但需要进行纵向研究来确定哪些是这些发育缺陷的原因，哪些是标志物。
