Direct microcalorimetry as a technique in cell cultures.

In vitro studies of energy metabolism in isolated cells contribute to improved knowledge of human energy metabolism under normal and pathological conditions. In every cellular system energy is taken up, metabolized and finally transformed into heat, which is dissipated into the environment. Thus, energy turnover of isolated cells can be assessed by microcalorimetric determination of their heat production. Microcalorimeters of the thermopile heat conduction type facilitate direct physical determination of thermogenesis with a sensitivity of 0.2 microW; 10(4)-10(5) cells being sufficient for one measurement. Peltier elements are sandwiched between the sample and a precisely thermostated heat sink, creating a detectable voltage proportional to the heat production. For adequate interpretation of the results, simultaneous biochemical investigations of relevant metabolic pathways are required. Up to now, numerous studies with blood cells, skeletal and heart muscle cells, hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and adipocytes have been performed in relation to various diseases and under the influence of certain hormones and pharmacological agents.