Primary anastomosis of the trachea: management and pitfalls.

Twenty-four patients with tracheal lesions were managed by various procedures, including primary anastomosis in 16, tracheoplasty in 2, and a terminal tracheostomy in 6. The patients undergoing anastomosis included 4 with primary tumors, 7 with secondary tumors, and 5 with benign stricture. Except for 2 patients, there was no leakage or stenosis after a resection of from two to nine tracheal rings. There were 4 patients in whom the laryngeal nerve was paralyzed on one side prior to resection and then was sacrificed on the other side because of tumor involvement. Because of difficulty in swallowing, the outcome was not satisfactory in the 3 patients despite a good anastomosis. Cricotracheal anastomosis was performed in 3 patients, and thyrotracheal anastomosis in 1. Two patients in whom the trachea and esophagus communicated were treated using pedicled intercostal muscle grafts. Tracheal stenosis can be observed in various pathological conditions. Consequently, the optimal treatment varies from patient to patient according to the type of a disease, the location and extent of a disease, and the condition of the laryngeal nerve, while it is also important to carefully select the most appropriate anesthetic method, approach, and type of reconstruction.