Moon C S, Zhang Z W, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Moon D H, Lee C U, Lee B K, Ahn K D, Lee S H, Ikeda M
Department of Public Health, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1998 Jun;71(4):251-6. doi: 10.1007/s004200050277.
The present study was initiated to investigate the validity of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in urine in comparison with the metals in blood as a biological marker of nonoccupational exposure of general populations to these metals as environmental pollutants.
Peripheral blood samples, morning spot-urine samples, and 24-h total food duplicate samples were collected from 107 nonsmoking women (aged 30-59 years) in four urban and rural survey sites in Korea.
Portions of the samples were digested by heating in the presence of mineral acids, and the digests were analyzed for Cd and Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metal concentrations in urine were adjusted for creatinine concentration and a specific gravity of 1.016. The analyte levels were evaluated on an individual basis (n = 107) and also on a group basis, i.e., in terms of geometric means for the survey sites (n = 4).
Cd in urine correlated with Cd in blood on an individual as well as survey-site basis and tended to correlate with Cd in food duplicates on a group basis. The correlation of Pb in urine with Pb in blood was weaker than that of Cd in urine with Cd in blood when evaluated on an individual and survey-site basis. Pb in urine correlated with Pb in food duplicates either weakly or even negatively when examined on a survey-site basis.
Cd in urine proved to be valid as a biological marker of environmental exposure of general populations, whereas less support was obtained for Pb in urine as an exposure marker.
开展本研究以调查尿镉（Cd）和尿铅（Pb）作为一般人群非职业性接触这些金属污染物的生物标志物，与血中金属相比的有效性。
从韩国四个城乡调查点的107名不吸烟女性（年龄30 - 59岁）中采集外周血样本、晨尿样本和24小时食物复份样本。
部分样本在矿物酸存在下加热消化，消化液用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法分析Cd和Pb。尿中金属浓度根据肌酐浓度和比重1.016进行校正。分析物水平在个体基础上（n = 107）以及组基础上进行评估，即按调查点的几何均值（n = 4）进行评估。
尿Cd在个体以及调查点基础上均与血Cd相关，且在组基础上倾向于与食物复份中的Cd相关。在个体和调查点基础上评估时，尿Pb与血Pb的相关性弱于尿Cd与血Cd的相关性。在调查点基础上检查时，尿Pb与食物复份中的Pb相关性较弱甚至呈负相关。
尿Cd被证明是一般人群环境暴露的有效生物标志物，而尿Pb作为暴露标志物得到的支持较少。
