Butler J E
Department of Microbiology and Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1109, USA.
Rev Sci Tech. 1998 Apr;17(1):43-70. doi: 10.20506/rst.17.1.1096.
The B-cell lineage, the antibodies produced by these cells and the diversification of the antibody repertoire are essential for the health and survival of all mammals. Cattle, sheep, swine and horses, unlike rodents and primates, develop their antibody repertoire from a relatively small number of VH (variable heavy) genes of one or several families and cattle, sheep and horses use almost exclusively lambda-light chains. These large farm animals appear to use templated mutation (gene conversion) in addition to untemplated (point) mutation in repertoire development; this may occur predominantly in the ileal Peyer's patches. Whether B-cell lymphogenesis is continuous throughout life--as in rodents and primates--or whether B cells are largely of the B-1 lineage and develop only in foetal and neonatal life, is uncertain. The fact that immunoglobulin D (IgD) is totally absent from swine and ruminants may be significant, as IgD is expressed weakly on rodent B-1 cells. Information on IgG subclass diversity in large farm animals is incomplete, except for sheep and cattle, and no information is available for any large farm animal to show whether T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses correlate with the expression of any subclass antibody response, as is the case in rodents. All large farm animals exclusively use the mammary gland to transfer immunity to offspring, although the receptor involved in the transport of IgG into colostrum and milk has not been characterised. Efforts to standardise the nomenclature and measurements of antibodies and immunoglobulins in large farm animals are discussed, and a proposal currently under review concerning the standardisation of the nomenclature for bovine immunoglobulins is presented as a model.
B细胞谱系、这些细胞产生的抗体以及抗体库的多样化对于所有哺乳动物的健康和生存至关重要。与啮齿动物和灵长类动物不同，牛、羊、猪和马的抗体库由一个或几个家族中相对较少数量的VH（重链可变区）基因发育而来，并且牛、羊和马几乎只使用λ轻链。这些大型农场动物在抗体库发育过程中除了无模板（点）突变外，似乎还使用模板突变（基因转换）；这可能主要发生在回肠派伊尔结。B细胞淋巴生成是否像啮齿动物和灵长类动物那样在整个生命过程中持续存在，或者B细胞是否主要属于B-1谱系且仅在胎儿期和新生儿期发育，目前尚不确定。猪和反刍动物完全缺乏免疫球蛋白D（IgD）这一事实可能具有重要意义，因为IgD在啮齿动物B-1细胞上表达较弱。除了绵羊和牛之外，关于大型农场动物IgG亚类多样性的信息并不完整，而且没有任何大型农场动物的信息表明T辅助细胞1（Th1）和Th2反应是否与任何亚类抗体反应的表达相关，而在啮齿动物中情况就是如此。所有大型农场动物都专门利用乳腺将免疫力传递给后代，尽管参与将IgG转运到初乳和乳汁中的受体尚未得到鉴定。本文讨论了标准化大型农场动物抗体和免疫球蛋白命名及测量方法的努力，并提出了一项目前正在审议的关于牛免疫球蛋白命名标准化的提案作为范例。
