Montgomery D E, Bach L M, Moran C
Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA.
Child Dev. 1998 Jun;69(3):692-705.
Three studies examined children's understanding of the role that looking behavior plays in revealing another's desired goal. In each study, participants were asked which of 2 objects a protagonist wanted to obtain. Four-year-olds did not infer that an object examined via prolonged looking was more likely to be the protagonist's goal than an object that was either glanced at or inadvertently touched. Instead, they were accurate only when the protagonist looked at one of two potential goals. In contrast, the majority of 6-year-olds (and adults in Experiment 1) consistently regarded prolonged looking as the more important cue of the protagonist's goal. These age differences suggest that development is characterized by an increasing appreciation that goal is revealed by comparative differences in the quality of perceptual connectedness to objects in the world. One explanation for these age differences is that preschoolers are limited in their understanding of the difference between perceiving with full attention and without it.
三项研究考察了儿童对注视行为在揭示他人期望目标中所起作用的理解。在每项研究中，参与者被问及主人公想要获得两个物体中的哪一个。4岁儿童不会推断出，比起只是瞥了一眼或不经意间触碰过的物体，通过长时间注视检查过的物体更有可能是主人公的目标。相反，只有当主人公看向两个潜在目标之一时，他们才判断准确。相比之下，大多数6岁儿童（以及实验1中的成年人）始终将长时间注视视为揭示主人公目标的更重要线索。这些年龄差异表明，发展的特点是越来越认识到，目标是通过与世界上物体的感知联系质量的比较差异来揭示的。对这些年龄差异的一种解释是，学龄前儿童对全神贯注感知和非全神贯注感知之间差异的理解有限。
