Tuinstra J, Groothoff J W, van den Heuvel W J, Post D
Northern Center for Health Care Research, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Soc Sci Med. 1998 Jul;47(1):67-74. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00034-3.
Socio-economic differences in risk behaviors in adolescence can be seen as a prelude to the re-emergence of socio economic health differences in adulthood. We studied whether or not socio-economic differences in health risk behaviors are present in male and female adolescents in The Netherlands. The relation between socio-economic status (SES) and health risk behaviors was examined, by testing both the main and interaction effects of SES and gender on separate health risk behaviors on one hand, and on the behaviors cumulatively on the other. The data were derived from 1984 adolescents in the four northern provinces of The Netherlands. SES was measured by means of the educational level and the occupational status of both parents. Four health risk behaviors were included in this study: smoking, alcohol consumption, soft drug use, and (no) physical exercise. We found that the relationships between SES and health risk behaviors are not as linear as is often found in adulthood. Our findings can be characterised overall by an absence of relationship between SES and health risk behaviors. The only exception applies to sport, which is linearly related to SES. Adolescents in the lower SES groups engage in sport less than adolescents in the higher SES groups. There was an irregular relationship between the father's occupational status and the adolescents' smoking and drinking. Adolescents in the highest, lowest and middle of the six SES groups have the highest rates of health risk behaviors. All observed relationships are similar for both male and female adolescents. A relationship between gender and the separate health risk behaviors was found only for alcohol consumption and drug use. For both male adolescents showed higher rates of risk behavior. Males also scored higher on the cumulative health risk behaviors than their female counterparts. The findings of this study do not support the hypothesis of latent differences in adolescence.
青少年风险行为中的社会经济差异可被视为成年后社会经济健康差异再度出现的前奏。我们研究了荷兰青少年男女中是否存在健康风险行为方面的社会经济差异。一方面，通过检验社会经济地位（SES）和性别的主效应及交互效应分别对不同健康风险行为的影响，另一方面检验其对这些行为累积效应的影响，来考察社会经济地位与健康风险行为之间的关系。数据来源于荷兰北部四个省份的1984名青少年。SES通过父母双方的教育水平和职业地位来衡量。本研究纳入了四种健康风险行为：吸烟、饮酒、使用软性毒品以及（不）进行体育锻炼。我们发现，SES与健康风险行为之间的关系并不像成年期常见的那样呈线性。总体而言，我们的研究结果的特点是SES与健康风险行为之间不存在关联。唯一的例外是体育活动，它与SES呈线性相关。SES较低组的青少年比SES较高组的青少年参与体育活动更少。父亲的职业地位与青少年吸烟和饮酒之间存在不规则关系。六个SES组中处于最高、最低和中间水平的青少年健康风险行为发生率最高。观察到的所有关系在青少年男女中都是相似的。仅在饮酒和吸毒方面发现了性别与单独的健康风险行为之间的关系。在这两方面，男性青少年的风险行为发生率更高。男性在累积健康风险行为方面的得分也高于女性同龄人。本研究结果不支持青少年存在潜在差异的假设。
