D'Amato G, Spieksma F T, Liccardi G, Jäger S, Russo M, Kontou-Fili K, Nikkels H, Wüthrich B, Bonini S
Division of Pneumology and Allergology, A Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy.
Allergy. 1998 Jun;53(6):567-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03932.x.
The increasing mobility of Europeans for business and leisure has led to a need for reliable information about exposure to seasonal airborne allergens during travel abroad. Over the last 10 years or so, aeropalynologic and allergologic studies have progressed to meet this need, and extensive international networks now provide regular pollen and hay-fever forecasts. Europe is a geographically complex continent with a widely diverse climate and a wide spectrum of vegetation. Consequently, pollen calendars differ from one area to another; however, on the whole, pollination starts in spring and ends in autumn. Grass pollen is by far the most frequent cause of pollinosis in Europe. In northern Europe, pollen from species of the family Betulaceae is a major cause of the disorder. In contrast, the mild winters and dry summers of Mediterranean areas favor the production of pollen types that are rarely found in central and northern areas of the continent (e.g., the genera Parietaria, Olea, and Cupressus). Clinical and aerobiologic studies show that the pollen map of Europe is changing also as a result of cultural factors (e.g., importation of plants for urban parklands) and greater international travel (e.g., the expansion of the ragweed genus Ambrosia in France, northern Italy, Austria, and Hungary). Studies on allergen-carrying paucimicronic or submicronic airborne particles, which penetrate deep into the lung, are having a relevant impact on our understanding of pollinosis and its distribution throughout Europe.
欧洲人因商务和休闲目的而日益频繁的流动，使得人们需要获取有关在国外旅行期间接触季节性空气传播过敏原的可靠信息。在过去十年左右的时间里，航空孢粉学和变态反应学研究不断发展以满足这一需求，如今广泛的国际网络定期提供花粉和花粉热预报。欧洲是一个地理环境复杂的大陆，气候多样，植被种类丰富。因此，花粉日历因地区而异；然而总体而言，授粉从春季开始，秋季结束。在欧洲，草花粉是花粉症最常见的病因。在北欧，桦木科植物的花粉是引发该病症的主要原因。相比之下，地中海地区温和的冬季和干燥的夏季有利于产生在欧洲大陆中部和北部地区很少见的花粉类型（例如墙草属、油橄榄属和柏属）。临床和空气生物学研究表明，由于文化因素（例如为城市公园引进植物）以及国际旅行日益频繁（例如豚草属在法国、意大利北部、奥地利和匈牙利的扩散），欧洲的花粉分布图也在发生变化。对携带过敏原的少微粒或亚微粒空气传播颗粒的研究，这些颗粒可深入肺部，对我们理解花粉症及其在欧洲的分布情况产生了重要影响。
