Minetti A E
Department of Physiology, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate C.N.R., Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, MI, Italy.
Proc Biol Sci. 1998 Jul 7;265(1402):1227-35. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0424.
Skipping, a gait children display when they are about four- to five-years-old, is revealed to be more than a behavioural peculiarity. By means of metabolic and biomechanical measurements at several speeds, the relevance of skipping is shown to extend from links between bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion (namely galloping) to understanding why it could be a gait of choice in low-gravity conditions, and to some aspects of locomotion evolution (ground reaction forces of skipping seem to originate from pushing the walking gait to unnaturally high speeds). When the time-courses of mechanical energy and the horizontal ground reaction force are considered, a different locomotion paradigm emerges, enabling us to separate, among the bouncing gaits, the trot from the gallop (quadrupeds) and running from skipping (bipeds). The simultaneous use of pendulum-like and elastic mechanisms in skipping gaits, as shown by the energy curve analysis, helps us to understand the low cost of transport of galloping quadrupeds.
跳跃，是孩子们在大约四五岁时展现出的一种步态，它远不止是一种行为特性。通过在几种速度下进行的代谢和生物力学测量，跳跃的相关性体现在从双足和四足运动（即疾驰）之间的联系，到理解为何在低重力条件下它可能是一种首选步态，以及到运动进化的某些方面（跳跃的地面反作用力似乎源于将步行步态推至不自然的高速）。当考虑机械能和水平地面反作用力的时间进程时，一种不同的运动范式出现了，使我们能够在弹跳步态中区分四足动物的小跑和疾驰，以及双足动物的跑步和跳跃。如能量曲线分析所示，在跳跃步态中同时使用类似钟摆和弹性的机制，有助于我们理解疾驰四足动物低能量消耗的原因。
