The pH-independent release of fenoldopam from pellets with insoluble film coats.

Various ratios of succinic acid to fenoldopam mesylate, ranging from 0:1 to 18:1 were incorporated in pellets and coated with 1.5-12% w/w Surelease. Even though the coating level did influence the rate and amount of fenoldopam release, the influence of the succinic acid to drug ratio was much more important and evident at all coating levels. Being a weakly basic drug, fenoldopam release ceased when testing in SIF for succinic acid to drug ratios of 0:1-4:1, with the end of release being more abrupt for the 0:1 than for the 4:1 ratio. Only for a succinic acid to drug ratio of > or =5 was fenoldopam release constant for 6-8 h and independent of the pH-value of dissolution media. For a thin coat of about 2.5% w/w Surelease, those pellets showed an ideal controlled release behaviour with release rates of about 5-10%/h and a total release of almost 80% in 8 h. The dissolution profiles of Surelease coated pellets with high succinic acid to drug ratios (> or =5) and different coating levels, were evaluated for best fits to commonly used kinetic models. Sustained release mechanisms are discussed according to best fit models. The quantification of the pH-adjuster succinic acid, released from pellets with an acid to drug ratio of < or =1 showed, that despite their failure as a controlled release system for fenoldopam, the investigated coats could control the release of succinic acid effectively at optimized coating levels. For increasing succinic acid to drug ratios (< or =4) succinic acid was released at an ever more constant rate and release rates, though still faster than the release rates of fenoldopam, decreased steadily for increasing ratios. At a 5:1 ratio finally release rates of succinic acid and fenoldopam were almost identical. Therefore those pellet cores were almost completely emptied during dissolution testing, with both fenoldopam and succinic acid leaving at a constant rate and a total release of about 80% each for a 2.5% Surelease coat, while lower succinic acid to drug ratios had failed to show any sustained release for such thin Surelease coats. A similar formulation with fumaric acid instead of succinic acid failed to show the desired release pattern, indicating that it is the presence of a sufficiently high amount of succinic acid rather than the presence of an acidic compound in general, that ensures fenoldopam solubility at higher pH-values.