Czajkowsky D M, Allen M J, Elings V, Shao Z
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics and Biophysics Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
Ultramicroscopy. 1998 Jul;74(1-2):1-5. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3991(98)00024-2.
Tapping mode atomic force microscopy operated in the phase shift mode is used to directly visualize the surface charge on biological macromolecules under solution. A simple theory is presented which is qualitatively consistent with experimental observations, although a more complicated theoretical analysis is required for a quantitative comparison.
