Chang T M
Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Biotechnol Annu Rev. 1995;1:267-95. doi: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)70054-1.
The most common use of artificial cells is for bioencapsulation of biologically active materials. Each artificial cell can contain combinations of materials. The permeability, composition and shape of an artificial cell membrane can be varied using different types of synthetic or biological materials. These possible variations in contents and membranes allow for large variations in the properties and functions of artificial cells. Artificial cells containing adsorbents have been a routine form of treatment in hemoperfusion for patients. This includes acute poisoning, high blood aluminum and iron, and supplement to dialysis in kidney failure. Artificial red blood cell substitutes based on modified hemoglobin are already in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials in patients. Artificial cell encapsulated cell cultures are being studied for the treatment of diabetes, liver failure, gene therapy and other conditions. Research on artificial cells containing enzymes includes their use for treatment in hereditary enzyme deficiency diseases and other diseases. Recent demonstration of extensive enterorecirculation of amino acids in the intestine has allowed oral administration to deplete specific amino acids. One example is phenylketonuria, an inborn error or metabolism resulting in high systemic phenylalanine levels. Preliminary clinical studies in patients using bioencapsulation of cells or enzymes have started. Artificial cells containing complex enzyme systems convert wastes like urea and ammonia into essential amino acids. Artificial cells are being used for the production of monoclonal antibodies, interferon and other biotechnological products. Other areas of biotechnological uses include drug delivery, and other areas of biotechnology, chemical engineering and medicine.
人工细胞最常见的用途是对生物活性材料进行生物包封。每个人工细胞可以包含多种材料的组合。使用不同类型的合成材料或生物材料，可以改变人工细胞膜的通透性、组成和形状。这些内容物和膜的可能变化使得人工细胞的性质和功能有很大差异。含有吸附剂的人工细胞已成为患者血液灌流中的一种常规治疗形式。这包括急性中毒、高血铝和铁，以及肾衰竭时透析的补充。基于修饰血红蛋白的人工红细胞替代品已进入患者的I期和II期临床试验。人工细胞包封的细胞培养物正在研究用于治疗糖尿病、肝衰竭、基因治疗和其他病症。对含有酶的人工细胞的研究包括将其用于治疗遗传性酶缺乏疾病和其他疾病。最近在肠道中广泛的氨基酸肠肝循环的证明使得口服给药可以消耗特定的氨基酸。一个例子是苯丙酮尿症，一种导致全身苯丙氨酸水平升高的先天性代谢错误。使用细胞或酶的生物包封对患者进行的初步临床研究已经开始。含有复杂酶系统的人工细胞将尿素和氨等废物转化为必需氨基酸。人工细胞正用于生产单克隆抗体、干扰素和其他生物技术产品。生物技术用途的其他领域包括药物递送，以及生物技术、化学工程和医学的其他领域。
