Black F, Tejada S, Gurevich M
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1998 Jul;48(7):578-91. doi: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463715.
The 1988 Alternative Motor Fuels Act and the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require examination of the potential to favorably influence air quality by changing the composition of motor vehicle fuels. Motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions were characterized using laboratory simulations of roadway driving conditions and a variety of vehicle-fuel technologies (reformulated gasoline (RFG), methanol (M85), ethanol (E85), and natural gas (CNG)). Speciated organic compound (with Carter MIR ozone potential), CO, and NO(x) emission rates and fuel economy were characterized. The Carter MIR ozone potential of combined Federal Test Procedure (FTP) tailpipe and evaporative emissions was reduced more than 90% with CNG relative to RFG, M85, and E85 fuels. FTP toxic compound emissions (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene) were greater with M85 and E85 fuels than with RFG fuel, and less with CNG fuel than RFG fuel. The most abundant toxic compound was benzene with RFG fuel, formaldehyde with M85 fuel, and acetaldehyde with E85 fuel. FTP MPG fuel economies were reduced with M85 and E85 fuels relative to RFG fuel, consistent with their lower BTU/gal. Energy efficiencies (BTU/mi) were improved with all the alternative fuels relative to RFG. Carter MIR ozone potential was generally reduced with the alternative fuels relative to RFG fuel under REP05 (high speeds and acceleration rates) driving conditions (most significantly with CNG). Toxic aldehyde emissions were reduced under REP05 conditions relative to FTP conditions with all the tested fuels, and toxic benzene emissions were elevated under high acceleration conditions.
1988年的《替代机动车燃料法案》和1990年的《清洁空气法修正案》要求研究通过改变机动车燃料成分对空气质量产生有利影响的可能性。利用道路行驶条件的实验室模拟以及各种车辆-燃料技术（重整汽油（RFG）、甲醇（M85）、乙醇（E85）和压缩天然气（CNG））对机动车排气管和蒸发排放进行了表征。对特定有机化合物（具有卡特MIR臭氧形成潜势）、一氧化碳（CO）和氮氧化物（NO(x)）排放率以及燃油经济性进行了表征。相对于RFG、M85和E85燃料，使用CNG时，联邦测试程序（FTP）排气管和蒸发排放的综合卡特MIR臭氧形成潜势降低了90%以上。M85和E85燃料的FTP有毒化合物排放（苯、甲醛、乙醛和1,3-丁二烯）高于RFG燃料，而CNG燃料的FTP有毒化合物排放低于RFG燃料。RFG燃料中含量最高的有毒化合物是苯，M85燃料中是甲醛，E85燃料中是乙醛。相对于RFG燃料，M85和E85燃料的FTP英里每加仑燃油经济性降低，这与其较低的每加仑英热单位（BTU/gal）一致。相对于RFG，所有替代燃料的能源效率（BTU/英里）均有所提高。在REP05（高速和加速率）行驶条件下，相对于RFG燃料，替代燃料的卡特MIR臭氧形成潜势通常会降低（使用CNG时最为显著）。相对于FTP条件而言，在REP05条件下，所有测试燃料的有毒醛类排放均有所降低，而在高加速条件下，有毒苯排放有所增加。
